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【营养Cos】一大波玉藻前即将来袭！——ElyEE子写真＃1【自制 第九期】
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【营养Cos】一大波玉藻前即将来袭！——ElyEE子写真＃1【自制 第九期】">【营养Cos】一大波玉藻前即将来袭！——ElyEE子写真＃1【自制 第九期】
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UltraISO虚拟光驱（试用版即可）最新版 下载地址：& 点击下载试用
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7.硬盘驱动器选择你的U盘 ，写入方式 usb+hdd+
8.点击写入
二.安装Centos7
1.把U盘插到电脑上
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3.选择U盘后跳转到下图界面
4.按下键盘TAB键将最下面的vmlinuz initrd=initrd.img inst.stage2=hd:LABEL=CentOS\x207\x20x86_64 rd.live.check quiet 改为&vmlinuz initrd=initrd.img linux dd quiet
5.查看U盘启动盘的名称比如：sda，sdb，sdc& ps：label一列会显示Centos7等字样的
6.重启后到第三步界面按下TAB键
7.将vmlinuz initrd=initrd.img inst.stage2=hd:LABEL=CentOS\x207\x20x86_64 rd.live.check quiet& 改为& vmlinuz initrd=initrd.img inst.stage2=hd:/dev/sdb1 quiet&& ps：sdb1就是你看到的启动盘名称
8.之后等待安装到图形界面
9.选择中文→简体中文→点击继续
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13.等待安装完成会让重启，点击重启按钮
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15.安装完成。
阅读(...) 评论() &字幕通Yeecaption 1.7
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& & & 6. & 字幕协作功能，多人在线协作，节省时间便于管理
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很多网友手里都有些余钱，但是如何才能增值呢？俗话说“你不理财财不理你”，这是你就需要一款良好的理财产品。比较可靠的产品有腾讯的理财通和阿里的余额宝和定期宝等，其中余额宝之类的是货币基金产品，收益低风险低；定期理财产品收益高一些，风险也高一些；保险理财产品风险最高，收益也更高。还有一些产品比如网商银行的定活宝，定存活取，但是每天有一定额度，需要抢购，风险和...
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谁跟你说多国语言就包括中文！
字幕通Yeecaption在同类软件里，体积已经非常小巧了，才58.3MB
字幕通Yeecaption哪里不好了？不懂的别瞎哔哔，一点素质都没有
感觉还不错，字幕通Yeecaption1.7比上个版本要好的多
各位要是想要功能更强大的字幕通Yeecaption，就请换共享软件的版本吧
很好用ddddddddd
问下大家这个字幕通Yeecaption是否是官方提供的最新的1.7吗？
挺好用的，软件的功能有很多，只试了一个
亲测字幕通Yeecaption的使用过程流畅无闪退，唯一的缺点就是占用内存稍稍有些大，不过也无伤大雅。
视频编辑软件我只认字幕通Yeecaption，功能强大不说，字幕通Yeecaption1.7软件才58.3MB。
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15.1.6.26 破解版
6.02 经典整合版
热门关键词PMCID: PMC3137961Effect of Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract Pretreatment on the Responses of Spontaneously Beating Rat Atria and Aortic Ring to Naja sputatrix (Javan Spitting Cobra) Venom,
2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia3Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria*Shin Yee Fung: Email: Academic Editor: Alvin J. Beitz
Mucuna pruriens Linn. (velvet bean) has been used by native Nigerians as a prophylactic for snakebite. Rats pretreated with M. pruriens seed extract (MPE) have been shown to protect against the lethal and cardiovascular depressant effects of Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) venoms, and the protective effect involved immunological neutralization of the venom toxins. To investigate further the mechanism of the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom toxicity, the actions of Naja sputatrix venom on spontaneously beating rat atria and aortic rings isolated from both MPE pretreated and untreated rats were studied. Our results showed that the MPE pretreatment conferred protection against cobra venom-induced depression of atrial contractility and atrial rate in the isolated atrial preparations, but it had no effect on the venom-induced contractile response of aortic ring preparation. These observations suggested that the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom toxicity involves a direct protective action of MPE on the heart function, in addition to the known immunological neutralization mechanism, and that the protective effect does not involve action on blood vessel contraction. The results also suggest that M. pruriens seed may contain novel cardioprotective agent with potential therapeutic value.
Mucuna pruriens Linn. (velvet bean) is found in Asia, America, and Africa. It is a popular medicinal plant in India [] and contains protein (lectins, globulins, protease inhibitors), fat and fatty acids, water, fiber, and L-DOPA (or levodopa), among others. In certain regions of Nigeria, the beans have been prescribed by traditional practitioners as an oral prophylactic for snakebites []. The protective effect of the aqueous M. pruriens seed extract (MPE) has been demonstrated in mice against Echis carinatus and cobra venom [, ], and the protective effect was shown to involve an immunological neutralization mechanism. Indeed, preliminary studies have shown that anti-M. pruriens seed extract (anti-MPE) antibodies raised from rabbits were able to neutralize the lethalities of several Asiatic cobra venoms in mice []. Western blotting studies also showed that the anti-MPE IgG cross-reacted with purified neurotoxin and phospholipase A2 of Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) venom []. Further in vivo studies showed that rats pretreated with MPE were protected against the cardiovascular and respiratory depressant effects of Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper) and N. sputatrix venoms [, ]. Histological studies showed that one of the main features of the protective effect of MPE pretreatment in rats against the lethal effect of cobra venom was prevention of venom-induced histopathological changes in the heart []. This is of particular interest as clinical and experimental observations indicated that in cobra envenomation, cardiotoxicity may be a more prominent feature than neurotoxicity [, ]. While the major protective mechanism of MPE pretreatment appears to involve the neutralization of the venom toxins by anti-MPE antibodies elicited by the MPE pretreatment, the involvement of nonimmunological mechanism cannot be ruled out. In this study, we investigated the effect of MPE pretreatment on the responses of isolated heart atria and aortic rings to N. sputatrix venom as part of our attempt to understand the protective action of Mucuna pruriens seed extract on the cardiovascular system.2.1. Plant Material and Seed Extract
Mucuna pruriens Linn. (family: Fabaceae, subfamily: Papilionoideae, genus: Mucuna, species: pruriens) seeds were collected from Rukuba area in Jos, Nigeria, with the aid of a traditional healer. They were authenticated by Professor S. W. H. Hussini of the Department of Botany, University of Jos. Voucher specimen Number A102 is deposited in the Pharmacy Herbarium of the University of Jos. The M. pruriens seed extract (MPE) was prepared according to Aguiyi et al. []. Briefly, dried M. pruriens seed meal (50g) was soaked in distilled water (100mL) for 24h at 4°C with stirring. The extract was centrifuged at 10,000g for 20min, and the supernatant is termed M. pruriens seed extract (MPE). The extract was freeze-dried, and resuspended in normal saline prior to injection. MPE consists of both proteins and nonprotein components [].2.2. Venom, Drug Standards, and ChemicalsLyophilized N. sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra, formerly known as Naja naja sputatrix) venom was purchased from Latoxan (Rosans, France), an established supplier of reliable venoms. The venom is a pooled sample from adult snakes and is from Indonesia. Carbachol (carbamylcholine chloride) and phenylephrine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (USA). All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of ACS grade. Stock solutions of all chemicals were prepared using ultrapure water. Dilutions of venom and drugs were made in normal saline.2.3. AnimalsMale Sprague Dawley rats (220&#xg) were used. All animals were handled according to guiding principles given by the Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) on animal experimentation []. Animals were supplied by the Laboratory Animal Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, and the animal experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Faculty.2.4. Determination of Median Lethal Dose (LD50)The intravenous median lethal dose (LD50 (i.v.)) was determined by injection of various amounts of the venom into the caudal veins of rats (n = 5), and the lethal effect of the venom was observed for 24h. The LD50 (i.v.) was then calculated according to the Spearman-Karber method [].2.5. Pretreatment of RatsRats were divided into two groups (n = 9 for each group). Pretreatment of rats was conducted according to the procedures of Guerranti et al. []. The treated group consisted of rats injected with MPE at a dose of 21mg/kg (i.p.) at days 0, 7, and 14. The control (or untreated group) was given a similar volume of saline. After 21days, the animals were killed, and isolated atria and aortic rings were prepared.2.6. Preparation of Spontaneously Beating Rat AtriaRats (pretreated and untreated) were stunned by a blow on the head and exsanguinated by cutting the carotid arteries. The paired rat atria were dissected out, cleaned of fatty tissues, and suspended in a 10-mL organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution, maintained at 37°C, and aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. The composition of Krebs-Henseleit solution was (mM): NaCl (118.4); NaHCO3 (25.0); MgSO4 (1.2); KCl (4.7); KH2PO4 (1.2); CaCl2 (2.5); glucose (11.1). Under resting tension of 1.0g, the spontaneously beating atrial preparation was allowed to stabilize for at least 30min, with change of the physiological salt solution every 15min. Tension changes in the tissue were monitored via a force-displacement transducer (model FT03C) that was connected to MacLab data acquisition system (Version 3.5, Australia), and the rate of atrial beats were estimated from the recording.2.7. The Action of N. sputatrix Venom on Isolated Spontaneously Beating Rat Atria from MPE-Pretreated and Untreated RatsIn two separate but parallel experiments, N. sputatrix venom was added at a concentration of 5, 50, and 250&#x003g/mL cumulatively at 15min interval to the tissues taken from untreated (as controls) and MPE-pretreated animals. The effects of the venom on the atrial contractility and rate were monitored at 5, 10, and 15min for each concentration. At the end of the last 15min, after exposure to 250&#x003g venom/mL, the preparation was washed with physiological salt solution, and the atrial function was monitored for a further 15min.2.8. Preparation of Rat Aortic RingsThe thoracic aorta was gently excised, cleaned of surrounding fat and connective tissues, and then cut into 4mm wide rings. Each aortic ring was then suspended in an organ bath between two parallel stainless steel hooks. One hook was fixed while the other was connected to a force-displacement transducer (model FT03C). The organ bath contained 10mL of Krebs-Henseleit solution maintained at 37°C and aerated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 throughout the experiment. The responses of the aortic ring were relayed to a MacLab data acquisition system (Version 3.5, Australia). A resting tension of 2g was applied on the ring which was then allowed to equilibrate for 30min before experimentation, with change of the physiological salt solution every 15min. After equilibration, stimulation of the rings with 60mM KCl was repeated until a stable contractile response was achieved.2.9. Effect of N. sputatrix Venom on Aortic Rings of MPE-Pretreated and Untreated RatsEndothelium intactness of aortic rings was checked by adding 2&#x003M carbachol (carbamylcholine, CCh) to the preparation precontracted with 1&#x003M phenylephrine (PE). Any preparation with <60% CCh-induced relaxation on a PE-precontracted aortic ring was discarded. Ten minutes after addition of carbachol, the aortic ring was washed at least three times with fresh Krebs-Henseleit solution and allowed to rest for 15min. It was then exposed to N. sputatrix venom at 5, 50, and 250&#x003g/mL, added cumulatively at 15min interval, to observe the effects of the venom on the aortic rings prepared from untreated and MPE-pretreated animals. At the end of the experiment, the functional intactness of the endothelium of the aortic ring preparation was retested by repeating the effect of carbachol (2&#x003M) on PE-induced contraction. Tissue responsiveness was also retested with 60mM KCl.2.10. Statistical AnalysisAll biological data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. of n experiments. The effect of time or concentration was analyzed statistically using one-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni/Dunnett T3 post-hoc test for multiple comparison (SPSS V14, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill, USA). The difference in the means between the untreated (control) and MPE-treated groups at any particular time or concentration was analyzed using Student's t-test. Statistical significance in the difference between means was indicated when P < 0.05.3.1. Determination of Median Lethal Dose (LD50)The intravenous LD50 for N. sputatrix venom was determined to be 0.83&#x003g/g in rats. The doses 5, 50, and 250&#x003g/mL used in this study are therefore equivalent to approximately 0.3, 3.3, and 16.6times of LD50, respectively, assuming that the total volume of blood in each young adult rat is approximately 20mL.3.2. Effect of N. sputatrix Venom on the Spontaneously Beating Atria Isolated from MPE-Pretreated and Untreated Rats
N. sputatrix venom caused both time-dependent and venom concentration-dependent changes on the atrial contractility and rate (Figures –: results expressed as % baseline g tension and % baseline beats per minute, resp.). The reduction of atrial rate was minimal at both 5 and 50&#x003g/mL and became marked only at 250&#x003g/mL (P < 0.001). At this highest venom concentration tested, the atrial rate was reduced by 25, 34, and 40% from baseline, for the three incubation time points of 5, 10, and 15min, respectively. These reductions in atrial rate were completely prevented in the atria isolated from MPE-pretreated rats (, solid lines). At 5&#x003g/mL, the venom induced minimum change in the atrial rate of untreated rats. There was no difference between the atrial rates of the MPE-pretreated and untreated groups at all three monitored time points (, P > 0.05). At 50&#x003g/mL, there was a decreasing trend in the atrial rate response to the venom in the untreated group whereas the MPE-pretreated group actually showed an increasing trend in the atrial rate response to the same dose of venom (). The difference between the means of the two groups was small but significant at each of the three incubation time points (P < 0.05).Effect of Naja sputatrix venom on the atrial rate (TOP, venom concentration (a) = 5&#x003g/mL, (b) = 50&#x003g/mL, and (c) = 250&#x003g/mL) and atrial contractility (BOTTOM, venom concentration (d) = 5&#x003 ...The effect of the venom on the contractility of the isolated atria was more marked than that on the heart rate (Figures –). At a concentration of 250&#x003g/mL, the venom drastically reduced the contractility of the untreated (control) rat atria by 70, 81, and 87% at 5, 10, and 15min incubation time, respectively (P < 0.001). In contrast, the same venom concentration did not significantly reduce the contractility of the atria from MPE-pretreated rats although there was a downward trend over the 15min incubation period (). At the two lower concentrations studied, the venom reduced progressively the contractility of atria from the untreated group whereas the venom showed a tendency to increase the contractility of atria from MPE-pretreated rats by 13–83% above the baseline (Figures
and ). The depressed atrial contractility and rate of both untreated and MPE-pretreated rats did not return to their respective baseline values even after repeated washings of the preparation.3.3. Effect of N. sputatrix Venom on Aortic Rings of MPE-Pretreated and Untreated RatsTo assess the tissue viability and functional integrity of the endothelium, carbachol (CCh, 2&#x003M) was added to the endothelium-intact aortic ring at the peak of phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction. A near complete relaxation (80.9 ± 4.7%, n = 18) of the ring indicated that the endothelium preparation was functionally intact (, representative tracing). In a preliminary study, this venom (10 and 100&#x003g/mL) was found to produce a similar dose-dependent contraction when given at resting tension and when given to a PE-precontracted aortic ring. No relaxation response was observed. Therefore, all subsequent studies involved giving cobra venom at resting tension only. In the present study, the venom induced a concentration-dependent contractile response on the aortic ring from the untreated rats ( and ). These contractile responses induced by venom given at resting tension, however, were not significantly altered by MPE-pretreatment at all the three venom concentrations tested (P > 0.05, ).Representative tracing showing the effects of different concentrations of Naja sputatrix venom (NSV) on the endothelium-intact aortic ring isolated from untreated rat. Cumulative additions of the N. sputatrix crude venom, at final bath concentrations ...Effects of Naja sputatrix venom on the contraction of aortic rings isolated from MPE-pretreated and untreated rats. Earlier studies showed that the protective effect of M. pruriens seed extract (MPE) pretreatment against the lethal activities of E. carinatus and N. sputatrix venoms involved an immunological mechanism. The pretreatment elicited formation of antibodies in the mice or rats that were capable of neutralizing certain snake venom toxins [, ]. Fung et al. [] reported that rats pretreated with the MPE were protected against the cardiovascular depressant effects of N. sputatrix venoms, including depression in blood pressure and heart rate. This present paper reports our effort to further investigate the protective mechanism(s) of the MPE pretreatment. Specifically, we aim to answer two questions: Firstly, is immunological neutralization of venom toxins the only mechanism by which MPE pretreatment protect against cobra venom? Secondly, does the protective action of MPE pretreatment against the venom-induced cardiovascular effect (in particular the hypotensive effect) involve the heart alone, or does it involve the blood vessels as well? To answer these two questions, we investigated the effects of N. sputatrix venom on isolated spontaneously beating atria and aortic rings, taken from MPE-pretreated and untreated rats. Our studies using isolated atrial preparations showed that the MPE pretreatment conferred protection against cobra venom-induced depression of heart rate and contractility, at both 50&#x003g/mL (equivalent to 3.3LD50) and 250&#x003g/mL (equivalent to 16.6LD50). At 5&#x003g/mL (equivalent to 0.3LD50), the amount of venom used was too low to cause any observable adverse effects on atrial contractility and rate from untreated rats. These results showed that the protection against venom-induced hypotensive effect in the MPE-pretreated rats reported in the anesthetized animal study [] involves protection against venom-induced harmful effects to the heart. This protective action of MPE-pretreatment, however, was not sufficient to prevent venom-induced damages to the heart at very high venom concentration, as repeated washings after the 250&#x003g/mL treatment failed to restore the atrial contractility and rate to the baseline, indicating that the venom has already caused permanent damages to the heart. This is consistent with the earlier report that lethal dose of N. sputatrix venom can lead to histopathological changes in cardiac muscle [].In addition, the present results also support our hypothesis that immunological neutralization is not the only mechanism involved in the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom, as the experiments reported here were in vitro experiments using isolated atrial preparations, and there was no serum (and hence no anti-MPE antibodies) present in the tissue bath. The mechanism of cobra venom-induced cardiac toxicities is still not fully understood, even though it certainly involves the venom cardiotoxin and phospholipases A2 [, ]. It is important to note that the present studies involved the action of N. sputatrix venom on isolated atrial preparations isolated from animals sacrificed 7days after the last MPE treatment. The effects of seed constituents such as L-DOPA (which can produce dopamine with positive chronotropic and positive inotropic effects on the heart) and other small molecule, water-soluble xenobiotic compounds on the animal are relatively short-term and will not be expected to have an effect 7days after administration. It would appear that the MPE pretreatment has a direct action on rat atria, which may induce gene expression changes to enhance the heart's resistance to the cardiotoxic effect of cobra venom toxins. Interestingly, the contractility of the atrial preparations from MPE-pretreated rat increased transiently on exposure to low doses of the cobra venom (5 and 50&#x003g/mL). The mechanism of this unexpected increase in atrial contractility is unclear, but it is probably related to some adaptive response of the atria (from the pretreated rats) to venom exposure. The phenomenon supports the suggestion that MPE pretreatment has a direct action on rat heart, rendering it more resistant to venom-induced cardiotoxicity. The results from the in vitro aortic ring isolated from untreated rats showed that N. sputatrix venom caused contraction of the aortic ring in a concentration-dependent manner, which may be due to interactions between venom toxins and postsynaptic receptors in the blood vessel. Alternatively, the venom toxins could act directly on the musculature to depolarize the membrane, leading to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ level and ultimately a contractile response. Aortic rings isolated from MPE-pretreated rats demonstrated the same concentration-dependent contraction showing that MPE pretreatment does not protect against the vasoactive action of cobra venom.In conclusion, our results suggest that the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom involves a direct action of MPE on the heart, and, as such, immunological neutralization is not the only mechanism of protective effect of the MPE pretreatment. Furthermore, the protective action of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom-induced cardiovascular depressant effect is due to its action on the heart and does not involve the blood vessel. Future molecular and gene expression studies are being undertaken to elucidate further the mechanism of the cardioprotective action of the MPE pretreatment and to identify the MPE constituent(s) responsible for the action, which could lead to discovery of novel cardioprotective agent(s).The authors would like to express their appreciation to Ms. Noor Shafila Shafie for her skillful technical assistance and Dr. Karuthan Chinna for his advice on statistics. This study was supported by grants from the University of Malaya (RG022/09HTM, RG084/09HTM, and HIR Grant) and Science Fund 12-02-03-SF0525 from MOSTI, Government of Malaysia.1. Sathiyanarayanan L, Arulmozhi S.
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[]Articles from Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM are provided here courtesy of Hindawi Limited
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