手把手教学 《大话水浒》最强星座宠物
手把手教学 《大话水浒》最强星座宠物
超可爱12星座守护宠物装备系统已经全面降临水浒世界啦！看着别人极品的宠物装备，你是否也想知道这些漂亮的装备从何而来？又是如何越变越强的？那就赶紧来看看玩家记者小九发回的宠物装备教学报道吧！手把手教你打造最强星座宠物！
推荐新服：
电信五区-【水瓶座】
网通四区-【摩羯座】
马上入驻，体验超梦幻水浒世界！新服将开放一周打怪双倍经验、四大新服活动哦！
玩家记者手把手教你打造最强星座宠物！
宠物装备获得全攻略
据玩家记者小九调查，获得的宠物装备有以下几种：
1.战胜各等级副本的明雷怪就有几率获得绑定或者不绑定的宠物套装一件。个人建议刷50副本，50副本的明雷怪比较多，宠物装备等级虽然可能相对较低，但是可以通过 “仙炼石”提升宠物装备的等级。
2.完成20次商会任务即可获得一件与玩家绑定的宠物套装，等级为40或者60级。（应该一天只能获得一件，上次卯足劲做了70多个商会，就给了一件）
3.跑300环的时候，每完成100环，就有机会额外获得一个“星神守护”，“星神守护”可以找NPC星神守护者（应天府342，120）兑换一件对应等级的宠物套装。（星神守护是不绑定的，但是换到之后的装备是否绑定，小9没有试过，不好乱说）
宠物装备属性可以用“飞虹石”重洗，可能得到附加属性哦
强化符文的获得也有以下两种：
1.刷“梦幻之旅”和“回到未来”任务的时候，战胜明雷怪，有几率获得强化符文。
2.刷商会任务的时候，会获得商会贡献度，75点商会贡献度可以兑换符文（绑定）。
集齐整套宠物装备后，宠物即拥有全新特殊技能
宠物装备属性揭秘
根据小九的体验，宠物装备有40、60、80、100、120、140六个等级。每一个等级的属性值不一样，40级增加1－3点，60级增加3－5点，以此类推，140级增加11－13点。
星座守护技能最多可以一次攻击4个敌方目标
每一件宠物套装有3个属性类型（属性类型为力量、体质、心力、耐力、敏捷），如果运气好，可能是2个属性类型＋1个附加属性，不同位置的套装，获得的附加属性不一样，比如武器是物伤、魔伤；防具是物防、魔防；饰品是吸红等等。（理论上我觉得宠物装备的附加属性应该跟人物装备的附加属性一样，比如武器可以是物伤、魔伤、暴击还有中毒等等，但是除了物伤、魔伤，小9没有砸出过别的，不好下结论；防具应该是没有异议的，只有物防、魔防；饰品本来应当跟人物饰品一样，但是小9砸了很多个，饰品就出过吸红，而人物饰品貌似没有吸红这一附加属性，所以小9现在也是比较疑惑的。）
大家的宠物都变咯，就等你啦！
怎么样，听了玩家记者小九的悉心讲解，你是不是豁然开朗了呢？那就赶紧带着热乎的宠物装备知识进入水浒世界实验实验吧！超好玩宠物玩法等着你哦！
【玩《大话水浒》0元秒杀IPAD】
为了庆祝《大话水浒》开年巨制“天空之城”公测，《大话水浒》联合搜狐爱家团开展了“IPAD秒杀大行动”。自1月21日起至2月1日，只要你登陆搜狐爱家团，点击参与“搜狐畅游《大话水浒》开年盛典 携手搜狐爱家团IPAD秒杀大行动”活动，就有机会赢得新年最炫礼品IPAD！
【老友回归，上线即得新宠小狐妖、小狐仙】
1月12日至2月16日，《大话水浒》隆重开启“水浒好汉再聚梁山”老友回归活动，只要你召回久未见面的老友，你与TA就能得到丰厚奖励！奖励不仅包括神工石、5级星石、背包布，更有专属新宠小狐妖、小狐仙！
【来源：】
类型：ARPG
特征：奇幻
类型：射击
特征：蒸汽朋克
类型：大型RPG
特征：魔幻
你不知道点进去会是什么
Wan网页游戏免费玩大话水浒星座宠物装备I和II级，2件I级，一件II级，穿起来还会有星座宠物技能吗，还是要3件都是同级？
本回答由提问者推荐
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100G传输技术高级研修-Part2
100G传输技术交流Sha huijun April 2012第六部分: 100G OTN新型线路调制, 解调及相关 技术高速传输主要限制技术? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION10G/40G/100G简要比较? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPMD限制? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION非线性限制? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOSNR限制? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G线路传输有2种方案1 多波传输方案 50G 100GbE 50G2 单波传输方案100GbE100G? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION调制码型的选择PDM-QPSK技术在成熟度和复杂度之间取得了最佳的平衡性，已成为100G传输的主 要调制码型技术。此外，PDM-QPSK调制技术还可很好地支持相干接收及DSP等其 他100G关键技术，业已成为各设备商、模块或子系统商竞相研究的重点，并被国际 标准化组织确定为未来100G长距离传输的标准调制方式? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPDM调制原理1. 光信号光子有很多振动方向，光子的振动方向垂直于传播方向。光子 振动 方向t2. 通过偏振分束器，将激光分离成x、 y两个垂直方向上的光信号。?其它振动方向上的光信号被滤除。 ?X、Y两个方向就是光的偏振方向。信号传播方向? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONQPSK调制原理28Gb/s DataPrecoderI Cosωt +π/2输入信号 I Q s(t) =I*Cosωt-Q*Sinωt=√2 Cos(ωt+θ) 0 0 1 0 1 1 0输出信号相位 θπ/4 3π/4 5π/4 7π/4x偏振方向 的光信号28Gb/s Data PrecoderΣ SinωtQ1映射关系转为图形(星座图)码流01Q 00 θ 11 10 IIQ QPSK把信号矢量端点的分布图称为星座图。 星座图完整、清晰的表达了数字调制 的映射关系，因此很多书中提到数字 调制时经常只是画一个星座图完事， 不作过多描述。数字调制也因此常被 称为“星座调制”。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPDM、QPSK调制组合应用目的是为了降低电层处理的速率。从现阶段电路技术来说，40Gbit/s已接近“电子瓶颈”的极限。速率再高，引起的信号损耗、功率耗散、电磁辐射（干扰）和阻抗匹配 等问题难以解决；即使解决，则要花费非常大的代价。C PDM，把1个光信号分离成2个偏振方向，再把信号调制到这两个偏振方 向上。相当于对数据做了“1分为2”的处理，速率降低一半； C QPSK，一个相位就表示2个数字bit，也相当于对数据做了“1分为2”的处 理，速率降低一半； C 以上，100G（112Gbit/s）的信号，实际上，处理时的数据波特率仅为 112÷2÷2=28G Baud。Baud（波特率) 是数据通信速度的表示单位，表示设备（如调制解调器）每秒中发生信号变化的次数。在 低速的Modem(调制解调器)中，此速度与传输速度(bps)是一致的，故常被混淆。事实上，可以应用编码 技术使 1 Baud（即信号变化）表示2bit或更多bit。在现今的高速调制技术中，由于载波的每次变化可以 传送多个比特数据，使得波特与传输速度不同? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION相干光接收技术相干光两束满足相干条件的光称为相干光。相干条件(Coherent Condition)：这两束光在相遇区域： ①振动方向相同； ②振动频率相同； ③相位相同或相位差保持恒定。两束相干的光在相遇的区域内会产生干涉现象。40G/100G相干传输技术如何实现相干？在40G、100G相干方案中，在接收端选用与发送端激光器相同中心波长的的激光器（同 频）。再通过同步电路处理，使接收端的相位保持与发送端相同（同相），从而形成相干 条件。为什么要相干？产生相干条件后，可以比较方便的还原出经过“相位调制”的信号。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION相干光接收技术与非相干比较相干接收比较于非相干解调的方式，具备以下几点优势：1）相干接收利用信号光与本振光混频，在电域中对信号进行偏振估计和相位估计。非相干接收则是 完全在光域对信号光本身完成偏振解复用和相位解调，相对而言，这种绝对解偏的方式实现难度较大。 接收机需要动态校准输入光信号偏振态，使其与偏振分束器偏振态主轴（PSP）耦合，否则信号与偏 振分束器主偏振态失准，则会引入较高的信噪比或功率代价，偏振解复用的动态校准控制实现通常非 常复杂。同样地，非相干接收在光域中实现相位解调，MZDI对输入信号的波长也需要动态适应，存 在一定的解调失谐，特别是100Gb/s接收机需要四个MZDI并行处理，对解调失谐将更为敏感，也表 现为引入信噪比或功率代价。 2）相干接收中本振光源可在一定程度上补偿信号光功率的损耗，例如信号光功率过低时，适当提高 本振光源功率可以增加相干混频后的光信号幅度，以改善光电转换后电信号的误码率。因此，相干解 调可比非相干获得更高的接收机灵敏度，同样也可获得更好的OSNR灵敏度。 3）如前所述，相干接收的核心技术在于电域，非相干的核心技术在光域。考虑到器件的远期成本， 电域多采用ASIC封装，虽然早期投片成本较高，但容易实现规模量产，一致性较好，成本下降趋势 很快；光域器件成本一般随器件复杂度成倍增加，且量产成品率也低于电器件。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION相干检测接收恢复QPSK调制数据I、Q解调 接收到的 x偏振方向的光信号 s(t)=I*Cosωt-Q*Sinωt 积分 =ICosωt 本地激光器 x偏振方向的光信号π/2积分Sinωtsinωtdt = - Q由ADC、 DSP处理I、Q 是1或0 的bit序列。 从上面可以看出，信号解调与接收到的信号 的幅度（强度）没有什么关系。也就是说， 即使信号经过长距离传输后，叠加一些干扰、 噪声等因素，只要在接收端还能识别出相位 关系，那么就可以恢复出数据。 这也是为什么相干技术拥有更好的 色散、 PMD、非线性、OSNR 的原因。原始的 I、Q信号能否被正确恢复的关键。 要提取出 28GBaud 的信号，对高速的模拟-数 字转换ADC（去除干扰、噪声）、数字信号实 时处理DSP的算法技术提出了更高的要求。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION主流技术: 100G相干ePDM-QPSK原理ehanced Polarization division multiplexing-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 增强型偏振模复用四相移键控 PDM-QPSK调制发送 PDM- QPSK调制发送TxRx相干检测接收长距离传输（光纤）3 1 2 4 5763. 偏振合波器将 x、y 两个偏振方向上已经调制好的光信号合路到一根光纤上 4. 接收端将接收到的信号分离到 x、y 两个偏振方向上 5. 相干接收，将 两个偏振方向上的光信号转变为电流/电压信号 7. DSP 高速数字处理，去除色散、噪声、非线性等干扰因素，还原从发端的发出的 2. 分别对 x、y偏振方向上的光信号进行 QPSK 调制 1. 用偏振分束器，将激光分成X、Y两个垂直的偏振方向 6. ADC 高精度模拟-数字转换，将电流/电压信号变成0101…数字码流 100G信号100G信号码流经过5 2 接收到的 光子的偏振方向 2 4 个环节，如PDM-QPSK调制、相干接收等，都是采用商用器件。如果 前面的 1～6 x偏振方向已 x偏振方向的光信号分离出 “串行-并行”转换， 3 100G相干采用高性能的ADC模块，采样精度高达56G Sample/s，所以支持单波 = I 不是采购特别差的器件，各厂家的性能都是差不多的。影响最终性能的就在第7个00 经经过QPSK 01 积分 分离出 x轴偏振信号 变成4路28Gbit/s信号 s(t)=√2 Cos(ωt+θ) 100G（采样带宽要≥2倍信号带宽。而做PDM-QPSK，需要调制信号速率在28G）。 调制的信号 0011… x轴偏振信号 环节 DSP，各厂家采用了不同的（专利）算法。 光信号 112Gbps/4=28Gbps 业界有一个DC-DP-QPSK 方案采用双子载波方案，主要是这里的ADC模块精度不 = - Q 0110… sinωtdt 积分 π/4 3π/4 5π/4 7π/4 1 算法的优劣很难用语言或者形象来形容。 Sinωt 传播方向 Cosωt 高，只能达到28G Sample/s 所致； 11 10 π/2 00 01 11 10 1001… 3 本地激光器 分离出 加90o相 y偏振方向已经经过 分离出 通过实验、测试结果比拼，可以直接对比得知各厂家最终实现结果的好坏。 5 由ADC、 位偏移， 4 不同的码流对应不同的相位。 x偏振方向的光信号 y轴偏振信号 （112Gbit/s） 常用“星座图” QPSK调制的信号 1110… y轴偏振信号 形成正交 DSP处理 例如00时，选择0相位的信号； 表示QPSK 调制 1101… y方向 1 接收端本振激光器,通过锁相等技术，跟发 01的时候，选择π/2相位的信号 π = 180o送端激光器输出的信号同频同相(相干)。 1 激光信号(电磁波) 同样也分离出x、y偏振方向的信号 I、Q解调2 经过偏振分束器分离后的x、y信号 相干接收，解除调制一共有4个相位，所以叫做QPSK3? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION超强前向纠错编码（FEC）技术GFEC技术介绍利用一部分额外的带宽资源来 实现误码的监测和纠错? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION增强型FEC介绍?随着软硬件技术的发展，光通信系统逐步引入了级联信道编码等大增益编码技术，进行增强型FEC 的研制，主要应用于时延要求不严、编码增益要求特别高的光通信系统。涉及的码型包括RS级联码、 分组Turbo码和Goppa码等。级联码不仅具有较强的纠正突发错误、随机错误的能力，提供更大的编 码增益，而且更重要的是可以利用其构造方法，达到信道编码定理所给出的码限。虽然EFEC的编解 码过程比较复杂，但由于其性能优势，必将发展成为一项实用技术，并成为下一代带外FEC的主流 ?为获取更高的FEC增益，还可从三方面对算法加以改进，1）采用软判决SD-FEC；2）采用迭代 FEC编码算法，如Turbo、LDPC；3）增加FEC开销比。 ?对于FEC开销比，100Gb/s通常选择7%或20%两种格式。编码冗余度越大则能获得更多的净增益， 但由此带来信号速率的提升，又将引起OSNR灵敏度劣化，同时对后级ADC器件的采样率要求更高。 因此对FEC开销比的选择是一个折中的过程，OIF建议软判决FEC开销比最多为20%，有仿真数据显 示，低于20%开销比时NCG随冗余度增加而增大，而超过后NCG反而下降。除此之外，相对于7%开 销比，20%开销的软判决比硬判决能获得更多的增益而实现复杂度相当，7%软判决复杂度远超过硬 判决。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION线路调制技术与市场发展状况线路调制技术发展除偏振复用相位调制格式外，其他一些高级调制方式也慢慢发展到超高速通信应用中， 例如正交频分复用（OFDM）和正交幅度调制（QAM）等。OFDM由于存在多个子载波 将会降低其频谱效率，且高的峰均值功率比（PAPR）使其对非线性相位噪声极其敏感。 QAM虽然可以极高地提升频谱效率，但两相位间过密的有效间距使得非线性码间干扰极 其严重。业界认为很可能用于400Gb/s以上的光调制格式? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION第七部分: 100G的时间同步、保护技术与主流技 术发展趋势100G OTN与PTP时间同步技术Mobile Backhaul migration? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION频率同步和时间同步的区别时间同步：两个表每时每刻的时间都保持一致;频率同步：两个表的时间不一样，保持一个恒定的差? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION同步需求无线回传中TDM业务频率同步: 50~250 ppb (GSM-based) 相位同步: several us (TDD-based) 时间同步: &3us (CDMA2000/LTE FDD)其他业务音频视频流的时间同步: &1us 帧延时检测时钟同步:几百ms VoIp频率精度: 4.6ppmCell siteVoice&data Voice&data over over Ethernet EthernetAggregation siteSyncE or 1588v2? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONSynchronization methodsAdaptive clock recovery Clock derived from the incoming line rate used to synchronize the device Differential clock recovery Same clock at each end, incoming line rate is compared and adjusted at the device IEEE 1588v2 C Precision Time Protocol (PTP) Layer 2 protocol provides end-to-end packet-based methods for clock recovery ITU-T G.826x C Synchronous Ethernet (SyncE) Bit-layer clock recovery similar to SDH/SONET, requires Ethernet physical layer,best long-term solutionCell siteVoice&data Voice&data over over Ethernet EthernetAggregation siteSyncE or 1588v2? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONBackhaul 同步实施选择Wireless Operator Synchronization StrategiesE1/T1 PacketE1/T1 Circuit(s) overlay Shorter term strategy based on use of legacy systems (higher OPEX). This method is phased out in 4G standards. Adaptive Clock Recovery A vendor specific book-end solution used to support TDMoIP services. ACR methods are being superseded by IEEE-1588. GPS Radio at Base Stations Good performance, supporting wide range of applications. Cost and autonomy define deployment adoption. Synchronous Ethernet An end-to-end solution that depends on the uninterrupted SyncE deployment to the BTS/NodeB. Early deployment of SyncE in the RAN will depend on legacy base stations. IEEE- A standards based solution with the greatest flexibility, lowest cost, and highest rate of adoption.ACR PacketSyncE Packet1588-v2 Packet? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation |JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONGPS实现时间和频率同步的缺陷TD-SCDMA系统高精度时间同步 TD-SCDMA系统高精度时间同步 需求，导致严重依赖GPS，为建 需求，导致严重依赖GPS，为建 设和运维带来一定困难 设和运维带来一定困难 加大天馈施工难度和成本 GPS天线对安装站址环境有 特殊要求，如120°的净空要 求 馈线距离超过110米需增加 中继放大器 GPS天线馈线较粗 增加设备不稳定因素 每台基站都须安装GPS接收 机模块，增加基站成本 目前GPS时钟模块已成为基 站损耗率较高的主要模块 战争等特殊情况下对TDSCDMA整网运行带来安全隐患? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONIEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP)Synchronization method at the packet layer using Ethernet nodes Based on IEEE 1588 originally developed for Test Instrument Synchronization IEEE 1588v2 provides sub microsecond accuracy Slave clocks synchronize to Master Clock Master and slaves communicate over packet networks using PTP messages including timestamps Accurate reference: high Q oscillator and/or GPSTDM TDM CE IWFEthernetEthernetTDM IWF TDM CEMENMasterSlavePRS? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION1588v2两种实现方式：BC和TCPTN时间同步主要有两种方式：BC（边界时钟）和TC（透明时钟）BC模式特点：每个同步链上的相邻节点逐跳运行主从时钟模 式（上游为主、下游为从），逐级同步，最终 PTN全网同步 时间树的中间转发节点运行PTP协议，按照主 从方式逐跳转发精确时间TC模式特点：每个同步链上仅首末两个节点运行主从时钟模 式，中间节点运行TC模式 时间树上的中间转发节点不运行PTP协议，只 对时戳包补偿节点转发延时? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONComparison SyncE vs. PTPSynchronous Ethernet ITU-T G.826x Layer Synchronization Interwork with Standard Ethernet Operate over standard Ethernet Recovery time Traffic impairment impact Physical layer by frequency SDH/SONET like yes no fast nonePTP IEEE1588v2 Packet layer by time and frequency yes yes slow yes packet delay variation? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN支持1588v2时间同步需求：OTN 设备需支持1588V2 功能，实现低成本时间无限延伸，不受空 间、地理位置限制；消除网络对GPS 的依赖、提升网络安全，降低维护成本OTN 多业务承载节点同步需求? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION*源于：通信标准类技术报告-光传送网（OTN）多业务承载技术要求OTN支持1588v2? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN时间同步---纯透传方式?在纯透传方式中: --将PTP作为普通业务进行传送,存在两种具体方式: 1.比特透明方式:在特定条件(如网络稳定,无延时不对称性问题等)能实现一定 的精度,但会存在一定隐患. 2.非比特透传方式(如采用GFP封装),性能无法保证. --OTN设备不支持1588功能 --不支持1pps+ToD时间接口? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN时间同步---ESC方式?在ESC方式中,每个节点(不包括光放节点)均对1588进行处理: --在发送端,来自以太网接口的PTP报文经过1588处理单元处理后,通过OUT 开销进行承载,通过OTU接口进行传送. --在接收端,来自OTU线路(从OTU开销中取出)的PTP报文经过1588处理单元 后,通过以太网接口进行传送. --对于电处理节点能够逐点进行延时不对称性补偿,实现时间精度高 --需要所有OUT单板都支持1588功能,设备成本高? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN时间同步---OSC方式?在OSC方式中,每个节点(包括光放节点)均对1588进行处理: --在发送端,来自以太网接口的PTP报文经过1588处理单元处理后,通过OSC 信道进行传送. --在接收端,来自OSC信道的PTP报文经过1588处理单元后,通过以太网接口 进行传送. --能够逐点进行延时不对称性补偿,实现时间精度高 --光放节点支持1588功能,可以对由OLP保护引起的路径不对称性进行补偿, 适用多跨距. --OSC单盘需支持1588功能,设备成本高? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100GE 同步以太网技术同步以太网:定义通过Layer 1实现时钟同步 时钟可以通过线路或外部参考来进行恢复 Sync-E可以运行在同步模式或异步模式 在异步模式下, Sync-E等效于IEEE 802.3 同步模式下,Sync-E不能运行在传统的以太网络上,需要新的硬件支持? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION同步以太网:特点可以达到10 parts per trillion的精度 不能实现时间同步 在同步模式下, 它遵循ITU G.826x标准: -频偏范围 +/-4.6ppm (vs. +/- 100ppm 传统以太网) -与SONET/SDH同步网络(G.8261/2)互联 -使用类似SONET/SDH时钟质量的ESMC(G.ay)传时钟质量ITU-T G.8261Network limits Sync methods RX CDR TXITU-T G.8262SyncE clocks (EEC)ITU-T G.8263Packet based clocks (PEC, PSC)ITU-T G.8264Functional blocks SSM, timing flow100ppm 4.6ppm SyncE PHY clockingITU-T O.SyncETest equipment? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONSynchronous Status Messaging (SSM)Concept known from PDH and SDH SSM No fixed SSM location in frame as in previous SDH networks Ethernet Slow Protocol channel used (OSSP) Heartbeat message at 1 message per second Event message for fast holdover reaction 5 second timeout to DNU when missing messages Not more than 10 ESMC PDUs (Information and/or Event) in any one second period as per IEEE802.3 Annex 43Data fieldEEC Quality level (QL)Clock EEC1 EEC2 QL-Message QL-EEC1 QL_EEC2 SSM code
SDH hierarchy 2M 1.5M SDH legacy QL-SEC QL_ST3? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONHybrid networks sync pathsToP=Timing over PacketThe clock supporting packet based timing methods is called Packet-based Equipment Clock (PEC)The clock supporting physical layer based timing methods is called Synchronous Ethernet Equipment Clock (EEC)? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONITU-T Standards for NGN SynchronizationDefinitions / terminologyG.8260: Definitions and terminology for synchronization in packet networksFrequencyBasics & Network requirements ClocksG.8261 /Y.1361: Timing and synchronization aspects in packet networks (frequency) G.8261.1: PDV Network Limits applicable to Packet Based Methods (frequency synchronization))SyncE Network Jitter/Wander: Included in G.8261 (may G.8261.2 for future)Time/phaseG.8271 Time and phase synchronization aspects in packet networks G.8271.1 Network Requirements for time/phaseG.8271.2 may be needed for futureG.8262/Y.1362: Timing characteristics of a synchronous Ethernet equipment slave clock (frequency) G.8263: Timing characteristics of Packet based Equipment (PEC)G.8272: PRTC (Primary Reference Time Clock) Timing characteristics G.8273 Packet Time/Phase Clocks: Framework and Clock basics G.8273.1: Packet Master timing. Charact. G.8273.2: T-BC timing. CharactG.8273.x: T-TC timing. CharacteristicsG.8273.y: T-TSC timing. CharacterMethodsG.8264/Y.1364: Distribution of timing information through packet networks G.8265: Architecture and requirements for packet based frequency delivery G.8275 G.pacmod-bis Packet - architecture- for time/phase G.8275.1 PTP profile for time and phase synchronizationG.8275.2 PTP profile ToD/phase #2ProfilesG.8265.1: Precision time protocol telecom profile for frequency synchronizationG.8265.2 PTP Telecom Profile #2Supplements? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU agreed CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION optional proposedG Suppl. x: Simulation of Transport of time over packet network100GE/OTN保护技术支持多种保护方式传统WDM因为没有强大的交叉调度模块、未定义倒换协议、告 警检测手段相对单一 ，所以保护方式有限。 OTN支持丰富的告警检测、提供专门的APS（自动保护倒换） 开销、支持电交叉矩阵，具备了提供多种保护方式的良好基础。OTN常用的几种保护方式 （1）基于波长的光通道保护、光子网连接保护 这些保护方式在传统WDM系统中已广泛应用。 （2）基于ODUk的子网连接保护(SNCP) 这是OTN目前较为成熟的保护方式。 （3）基于ODUk的环网保护 这种保护类似于SDH的MSP保护。 （4）基于ODUk及波长的MESH保护（ASON特性）? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION支持多种保护方式---基于ODUk的SNCP保护特点 与网络拓扑关系不大，可应用于链型、环型、MESH 利用电层交叉的双发选收进行保护 保护不走协议，通过配置交叉完成双发选收 倒换时间：&50ms类型SNC/I（Inherent monitoring ）：固有监视，由传输网络连接状态信息作为保护倒换启动条 件，如LOS、AIS。 SNC/N（Non-intrusive monitoring ）：非介入监视，含SNC/I条件的网络硬件失效，而且还 使用网络性能劣化和运行操作者错误的保护手段等。 SNC/S（Sub-layer monitoring ）：子层监视，触发条件为SM、TCM开销状态。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION支持多种保护方式：SNC/I及SNC/N子网1CPEODUk TrailSNC/I SNC/N子网2CPEODUk TrailA BEODUk_AISOTUk Trail ODUk SSF SFF G IJDCHSNC/I和SNC/N的触发条件不同，倒换过程对告警的处理不同，倒换效果类似。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION支持多种保护方式：SNC/S子网1CPEODUk TrailSNC/S子网2CPEA BEODUkT SSF TCMi Sublayer SNC/SF D G IJCHSNC/S基于TCMi触发，在子网内部倒换; 业务在跨子网传送时， SNC/S更方便划分倒换责任范围。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION支持多种保护方式：环网保护λaλa-1/2工作 λb-3/4保护 λb-1/2工作 λa-3/4保护a-1 a-2 a-3 a-4 b-1 b-2 b-3 b-4Aλa光 纤 B λb λaλb Dλ λ λ λλ λbλλλCOTN的电交叉能力带来了极大灵活性，可以支持类似SDH MSP环的环网保护 ； 环网倒换的触发条件为OTUk帧所携带的电层告警； 上例中两个波长可以提供8个ODU1时隙，工作和保护的时隙可任意组合，只要 满足1:1的关系。用λb的部分时隙保护λa的部分时隙，也可以用λa的后半时隙 保护前半时隙；| JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION? 2011 JDS Uniphase CorporationSDH MSP保护的倒换动作发生在故障点两端OTN环网保护的倒换动作发生基于OTN的MESH网提高网络生存性D G E F我有MESH网CHQ P O N M L J KI业务断啦结合了ROADM的OTN（ASON）设备，可以在ODUk和波长两层提供多 路径的恢复，大大提高了网络生存性。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION资源自动发现，便于网络扩展G A DE B C F 即插即用，扩容过程如下： 1、网络有扩容需求，需要新增节点G； 2、A、D节点自动发现新的节点G,更新自己的数据库，同时网管上自动显示新的拓扑； 3、A、B、C 业务出现损伤，业务自动发现A、G、D、C路由实现业务无损伤恢复；? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100GE/OTN技术标准化与发展100G 标准组织IEEE 802.3(40/100GE Interface) C Has approved 40G/100G Ethernet Draft Standard-- IEEE802.3ba (In Dec. 2007) C Final Ratification Expected in mid 2010 C 100GE expected to be applied in core networking (Router) and 40GE expected to be applied in servers and computing networking (LAN Switches) C Two kinds of 100GE PHY optical client interface were selected: i) 4x25G CWDM for SMF; ii) 10x10G Parallel module for MMF C Provide appropriate support for OTN framing (100GE to ODU-4) ITU-T SG15(100G OTN Mapping/Framing) C Proposal for ODU4 Framing C It has been accepted in G.709 in Dec.2008; the rate of OTU-4 is 111.809973 Gb/s C Proposal for 100GE mapping to ODU4 frame: It is under discussion C Proposal for OTN evolution: It is under discussion OIF PLL(100G LH Transmission C components/DSP) C This project will specify a 100G DWDM transmission implementation agreement to include: C i) Propagation performance objective? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONii) Modulation format : Optimized DP QPSK with a coherent receiverOFDM also100G C A Developing Standard2007J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M2008A M J J A S O N D J F M2009A M J J A S O N D J F M2010A M J J A S O N DIEEE802.3 100GE StandardIEEE 802.3ba 40GE/100GE PAR ApprovedIEEE 802.3ba D1.0 TF DraftIEEE 802.3ba D2.0 802.3WG BallotIEEE 802.3ba D3.0 LMSC BallotIEEE 802.3ba 40GE/100GE StandardIEEE 802.3bg 40GE serial StandardITU-T Q11/SG15 OTN StandardODU4 Proposal G.709 Amd3 Consent OTU4 Definition G.709 New Version Consent ITU-T SG15 OTU-4 standardOIF PLL 100G LH Transmission100G Project Kick offIA DraftIA to Straw BallotProject CompleteIA to Principal Ballot? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G 标准进展100GEC IEEE于2006年7月成立了高速网络工作组（HSSG），重点对40GE和100GE标准目标进行 定义，包括10×10G和4×25G 2种100GE光接口标准。2007年12月，HSSG正式转变为IEEE 802.3ba任务组，其任务是制订在光纤和铜缆上实现40G和100G数据速率的标准，研究内容 包括逻辑模块功能、基于光纤长距与短距PMD、基于铜缆PMD等。2010年6月，IEEE 802.3ba正式完成，由多个模块厂商组成的CFP多源协议联盟也发布了客户侧可热插拔光模 块硬件和软件接口协议。随着802.3ba的完成，IEEE也启动了串行40GE的标准化工作（ IEEE 802.3bg），也于2011年3月完成。总体而言，IEEE在40GE和100GE上的标准化工作 已经趋于完善。100G OTNC ITU-T于2009年12月更新了OTN接口建议G.709，规范了40G/100G相应的逻辑接口（ODU3 和ODU4），相应的物理接口指标在G.959.1中进行定义。同时，随着IEEE对40GE和100GE 标准化工作的结束，ITU-T在G.709中还定义了40GE和100GE到OPU3和OPU4的映射协议， 规定了单板中的成帧处理要求。可以说，到目前为止，ITU-T对40G和100G的相关标准工作 已经趋于完善，这将会在很大程度上促进40G/100G技术的逐步广泛应用。线路侧C OIF于2008年9月左右开始研究100G长距离DWDM传输项目，该项目遵从ITU-T定义的112 Gbit/s传输速率，采用DP-QPSK和相干接收机结合的技术来开展100G系统的长距离传输研 究，制定100G波分侧光模块电气机械接口、软件管理接口、集成式发射机和接收机组件、 前向纠错技术的协议等规范以推动波分侧接口设计的标准化。目前开展的项目包括100G长 距离DWDM传输架构、100G长距离DWDM传输集成光器件、100G DP-QPSK长距离通信的 FEC、用于100G长距离DWDM传输的光模块标准、用于甚短距离芯片到模块的接口标准等 ，目前已完成的IA包括100G长途传输架构、偏振复用正交调整发射器件要求、100G DWDM 传输系统用集成相干接收机要求以及100G长途WDM模块电气特性。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN 标准化? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G WDM小结PM-QPSK 是目前最主流的调制技术 在OSNR上要实现100G WDM系统 1000公里以上的传输，还需要在FEC 方案、 相干接收、软判决等方面有更多的增益，才能满足OSNR的要求。 相干接收需要很强电处理能力，DSP处理能力是相干接收、超强FEC、高速光接 收重要支撑。 100G WDM系统的大规模需求应该在2012年以后，最可能的地区在北美市场。 ITU SG15 牵头的OTU4 的标准对于100G 的封装 有重要影响 ，直接影响未来几 年100G的应用 主流的PM-DQPSK 从40G WDM测试看，受非线性影响很大，无法实现长跨距传 输? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOptics Pricing C Current Situation Vendors have publicly announced productsC 100G LR4 beta samples (not full specification) C 40GE parts more available than 100GE partsOptics Type 40GE SR4 QSFP (MMF) 40GE LR4 CFP (SMF) 40G NRZ 300-pin MSA 100GE SR10 CXP 100GE 10λ CFP 100GE LR4 CFP (SMF)Rough Current Price $500 $3K $10K $1K $10K $25K? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION将来简单的网络结构模型Packet Layer Ethernet SDH PDH FC etc ServicesMPLS OTNTransport Layer Advantages: Only 2 Technology More flexibility Easier to manage? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION59Forward to the Future: Road to 400GEThe data center organizations are the ones talking next step! 400G versus 1TC Data center organizations suggest 1Tbytes/s C Technology costs likely to favor 400GE C 1T to require client optics beyond current frequency multiplexingREFCLK TX1513CDR CDR CDR25GLDDML13…25G 25GTX1 TX0LD LDDML DML TEC16:1 LAN WDM MuxSMFRX1513CDR CDR CDR CEI-28G25GTIAPIN13…25G 25GRX1 RX0TIA TIAPIN PIN16:1 LAN WDM DeMuxSOASMF400GBASE-LR16Suggestion of 16λ at 1310nm for client optics? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION第八部分: 100G OTN设备及组网和应用OTN设备完整功能模型OMS MUX/DMUX OAOCh 光交叉连接光 层OTS电 层客户侧信号 -& OTUk适配叉 D U k交 O 线路模块 础为 基 其 护， ODUk电交叉连接 设备”。 保 度和 的OTN 调 活的 为“真正 灵 进行 能称之 交叉模块 业务 则不 粒 大颗 个模块 对 OTN能 没有这 。 模块 业务直通模块 支路模块ODUk -& OTUk适配 客户侧信号 -& ODUk映射STM-N/GE/10GE/2.5G POS/10G POS/ATM/SAN等? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G网络结构模型IP Backbone Connectivity Data Center Connectivity 100GE Wavelength Transport Cross-Connect Connectivity 100GE or 100GE in OTU4OTU4OTU4? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION63100G网络结构模型不同节点位置Router Router Router via 100GE Router Router switch via 40GECFP optics 4 x 25GCFP optics 4 x 25GLikely 4x10G CFP first. Also CXP/QSFPSwitchRouterCFP optics 4 x 28G High density, short reach 40G & 100GDWDMInter-domain OTU4 (or 100GE)100G Line side Modulation & Strong FECLegacy interfaces SONET, 10G 40G serial etc Cloud computing etc High density, 10G & 40G DWDM equipment? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION第九部分: 100G测试技术100G测试规范100G测试规范1.接口测试, 连通性测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION物理层光口测试由于100GE的客户测接口目前如前面所述主要包括10x10 CXP, 10x10 CFP(非标准), 4x25 CFP 如下图3.1.1.1所示. 因此针对每个物 理波长的光功率验证测试最为基本,针对CXP需针对每个物理光纤,及 针对CFP需验证每个物理波长通道的光功率,中心波长精度,波长长期 稳定度, 光谱性能,及光眼图指标,ER, 通道功率SMSR等.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION光模块接口性能及物理层传输性能测试由于现有100G客户模块工艺及品质等因素,现有各厂家推向市场的特别是CFP模块稳 定性及接口本身性能没有完全标准化,差别比较大,因此任何进行设备级或互联互通测 试前必须进行CFP初步验证工作,以验证模块本身是否标准. 其测试主要可包括: 1.光模块本身连通性测试 2.光模块误码性能测试 3.光模块的时钟精度及频偏测试 4.光模块的针对动态Skew 压力验证测试:动态Skew容限确保任何每条10G输出缓冲器 输出,在整个链路上引起的传输时延变化不会对线路接收端造成影响,引起误码产生. 5.光模块的自身MDIO总线接口读写验证测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范2. PCS层性能验证测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPCS层性能验证测试由于100GE相对于10GE不同的实现原理,很重要的关键点就在PCS层, 需进行相应 的编码层到虚拟通道的映射, 20个通道的64/66B块轮循分配 (MLD), 相应的虚拟通 道的Alignment marker插入与同步, 链路通道间的静态skew等,具体为: 1. 64/66bit同步位锁定测试每个接收侧的虚通道必须根据控制bits正确识别64/66bit块，接收侧能够根据规范对相应的bit 位进行锁定。为了评估和标准的一致性，各种bit位在标准的规定下必须由测试仪表产生，这 样被测试的接收端口就可以根据需要加入错误的同步位bits或者错序检测 ( 需能插入 Errored block/ HI BER/ Invalid Sync Header/ BIP error及用户可自定义相应的同步头等)，并可以得到 监测和分析，在测试过程中, 需可以对错误的同步bits位实时计数与统计。2. 64/66bit告警/误码测试针对 每个64/66bit块需进行相应的告警/误码验证测试,以验证PCS编码和解码功能及相应的 告警产生与检测功能,需仪表支持相应的Errored block, Link Down/Local Fault/ Remote Fault 告警/误码的插入和验证.针对PCS层测试需能同时针对每个虚通道及相应的25G物理光通道进 行相应的告警/误码评估3.虚通道对齐标识锁定测试每一个虚通道必须正确锁定对齐标识，这和用于64/66bit同步位锁定的技术类似。但是除了 基本的对齐标识锁定之外，还要对一些限制条件进行验证。比如，如果标准要求经过n个连续 的非错误对齐标示锁定，那么测试必须保证对任意对齐标示位进行锁定。相反，如果虚通道 锁定经过m个连续的错误对齐标识位丢失，那么测试必须保证能够锁定相应的错误对齐标识。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPCS层性能验证测试4.发送侧流量到接收侧的虚通道映射测试虚通道的数量不需要和实际物理通道的数量一样，但一定要保证特定虚通道上发送的数 据能够在接收侧正确汇聚到一起，这就要求接收端口能够在100G速率下重新组合与排序 任意虚通道的映射。测试仪表能够仿真不同的虚通道组合场景对该特性进行测试。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONPCS层性能验证测试5.位偏斜误差和补偿的静态Skew测试根据标准的定义，在发送侧，数据在特定虚通道的数据传输可以映射到接收侧任意的光纤线 路上，一般在模块启动后就定下来, 红色的线标示了虚通道标识0号的数据可能传送的路径,因 此路径会存在差异。各种电信号或者光信号的位偏斜都会引起接收侧的虚通道到达的数据时间 上有所不同，虚通道Alignment Marker用于接收侧的虚通道自己的识别和重新对齐。由于接收 端RX PCS层负责缓冲各Lane间的Skew来补偿光纤或PCB, IC, PCS层等内在固有传输时延差, 因此验证系统的容忍最大Skew值的能力,在问题的状况下是否正确的报告出相应告警至关重要.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范3. 100GE MAC/QoS测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONQos关键指标―RFC 2544Affected byThroughputThe maximum bandwidth link set up between two locations Network Overhead Whether network elements are setup properlyAffected byPacket LossRFCBuffer overruns in network components Network Congestion and bad network elementsThree Packets In HomeTwo Packets OutCore IP Network/ GatewayRound Trip delayTIMESTAMP 4 TIMESTAMP3TIMESTAMP2TIMESTAMP11TIMESTAMP2TIMESTAMP3TIMESTAMP4TIMESTAMPBack to Back反映交换机在不丢帧的情况下能够持续转发数据帧的数量。该参数的 测试能够反映数据缓冲区的大小。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONBERT 与包的错误率区别RFC40 bit sequence of 4 packets Bit errors1011Throughput(0%)4 (10%)101110 (25%)(75%)Ethernet frames/packets are dropped if they contain a single error A larger bit error rate may be more desirable than a lower one Assuming 1518 byte packets, a BER of 8e-5 can lead to a 99.99% throughput or a 0% throughput rate depending on how the errors are distributed!!!Bottom Line is a Packet Error Rate is key in the IP world, not the BER rate like we are all used to? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION包抖动测试(packet jitter)包抖动一般是通过在每一发出得测试帧头或尾部插入时间标签,首先算出相应得链 路平均延时, 即从仪表发出得带有时间标签报文帧与相应帧到达仪表接收端得时间 的差值的平均值.然后通过实时测试每个报文的实际延时减去相应的平均传输延时 得出包抖动.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION多流及Qos测试Rate limit: 60%Stream 1: 288 bytes, 75 kbps, Priority 6 Stream 2: 288 bytes, 15 Mbps, Priority 6 Stream 3: Random, 49 Mbps, Priority 0 Stream 4: Random, Burst 50%, 500 Frames, Priority 0RTD for Stream 3 clearly moreStream 1 shows more jitter as Stream 2No Loss at Stream 1 and 2? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION以太网业务倒换测试(SDT)网络中由于对越来越多类型的业务承载支撑,当中会有语音业务, 视频业务, VPN业务等,现有用户更 加注重用户体验. 用以太网进行媒介承载时,如何对业务进行有效可靠的包含就非常关键. 业务中断 测试(SD)是主要用于测试网络在自动保护倒换(APS), 过载而丢包或短暂的路由失败的影响,在以太 网(100GE)层面通常的讲业务中断就是所以MAC流发生了失效? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100GE IP 流量测试仪表需支持三层IP全速率多业务流的产生, 并需支持TCP/UDP报文的构成,需同时支持 IPv4及IPv6.以全面验证设备在全速率负载压力转发, 处理及策略均衡的能力Active loop or permanent loopWDMMUX MUXActive loop or permanent loopSwitchL2 Network100Gbp s 100GbpsCustomer LANL2 NetworkSwitchMTS-G? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范4. 100GE 同步以太网测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONJitter and Wander区别TIE maxWander in ns MTIETIE minJitter in UI TIE at tendTime+ peakRMS- peak Measurement timepeak peakTimeObservation time? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION同步以太网 Jitter/Wander测试同步以太网接口 Jitter测试遵循ITU规定,对应于SONET/SDH相 应指标测试 同步以太网处于异步模式时, Jitter产生/容限测试遵循IEEE 802.3.同步以太网接口 Wander测试遵循ITU规定,对应于SONET/SDH相应指 O.17 U-T VII/VIII 标测试 IT ix pend at 同步以太网处于异步模式时, 对于Wander测试没有相应要求ion Ap2ific Cert? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONJitter/Wander measurements acc. to ITU-T? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONITU-T “Synchronous Ethernet” 标准化(exG.pactiming) TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION ASPECTS IN PACKET NETWORKS C latest rev. April 08ITU-T G.8261/Y.1361ITU-T G.8262/Y.1362(exG.paclock) TIMING CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHR. ETHERNET EQUIPMENT SLAVE CLOCK (EEC) C latest rev. April 08nork etwITU-TEC E(exG.paclock-bis) TIMING CHARACTERISTICS OF PACKET BASED EQUIPMENT CLOCKS (PEC) AND PACKET BASED SERVICE CLOCKS (PSC) C under developmentt en ipm u eqITU-T G.8263/Y.1363ITU-T G.8264/Y.1364(exG.pacmod) DISTRIBUTION OF TIMING THROUGH PACKET NETWORKS C latest rev. October 08Test equipment is needed to check interface compliance to standard regardless of EEC or PEC implementation? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONol toc ProEC Pnt me uip eqG.8262 - Ethernet equipment clockG.8262 ParameterPRC PRSFrequency accuracyEEC-Option 1±4.6ppm (G.813 Option 1)EEC-Option 2± 4.6ppm (G.812 Type IV Table A.1) ± 4.6ppm ± 4.6ppm NA MTIE (Table4), TDEV(Table5) IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) SyncE: ffs, G.813 (TDM) TDEV (Table9)Pull-in Hold-in Pull-out± 4.6ppm NA ± 4.6ppm MTIE(Table1,2), TDEV(Table3) IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) SyncE: ffs, G.813 (TDM)SSU BITSWander generation in locked mode Jitter generationWander toleranceMTIE(Table6), TDEV(Table7) Sine wave (Table8)NE EECJitter toleranceIEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) SyncE: ffs, G.813(2M), G.825 (SDH)IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) SyncE: ffs,G.813(1.5M),G.825(SDH) TDEV (Table10) for input (Table9) MTIE (Table12) Table 11 ffs MTIE (Table12)Wander noise transfer Short-term phase transient response Long term phase transient response (Holdover) Phase response to input signal interruptions Phase discontinuityBW 1Hz…10Hz Figure 10 Figure 11 max. 120ns Clause 11.4.1注: 针对设备同步以太网接口的抖动与漂移测试, ITU对应GE, 10GE接口G.8262有专门的定义, 针对 100GE相关测试, 由于其主要基于10x10G或4x25G两种接口表现方式, 具有指标ITU正在进行相应的 标准化, 总体方针是以10GE接口规范为参考? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范5. Y.1564测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONQos & Service Level Agreements (SLAs)验证 SLA: 需要验证多业务类型的多项指标 RFC2544 ?够C C 需要多流能力 需要数据包抖动新的验证机制与测试方法? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION面向3层的全面可靠的验证技----Y.1564 总揽Mainly an Ethernet Installation ToolC Verifies multi-service SLA compliance C Good Test for Access Side of Metro NetworkIdeal Use CasesC Multi-Service LTE/4G Cell Site traffic C Triple Play TestersNew Y.1564 TerminologyC Bandwidth profiles? CIR C throughput committed to conform to KPIs ? EIR C throughput may conform to SLA but may also be dropped entirely ? CBS, EBS C data burst parametersC Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) or Parameters in SLA? Frame Delay (FD) C Latency ? Frame Delay Variation (FDV) C Jitter ? Frame Loss Rate (FLR)? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONITU-T Y.1564测试目的与方法测试目标C To validate the typical SLA of Carrier Ethernet-based services? ? Against a Bandwidth Profile Against KPIsC Offer a quick repeatable Multi-Stream test with pass/fail results两阶段测试方法学C Service Configuration Test? ? Each stream/service is validated individually Results compared toC KPIs C Bandwidth ParametersC Service Performance Test? ? All services tested concurrently at CIR Results compared to KPIsC Frame Delay (Latency) C Frame Delay Variation (Packet Jitter) C Frame Loss rateFREE on units running multiple streams? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范6. RFC 6349测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION新的TCP层测试概念?7 6 5on Applicati tion Presenta SessionHTTP, FTP, E-mail, Sharepoint, Communicator, etc.4TCPt TransporTrueSpeedTM3 2 1Network Datalink PhysicalIPY.1564sam & RFC 2544Ethernet? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION缺少TCP层面的相应测试已成为运营商业务开通测试的瓶 颈? RFC2544 and Y.1564sam 对于L2/L3 开通非常关键 ? 然而终端客户都是跑的基于TCP的应用 ? 终端客户仍然抱怨网络慢,导致很差的应用性能 (i.e. Facebook, YouTube, web surfing) Turn-up Related ProblemSingle Service, Layer 2/3 SLA Issues (loss, jitter, etc.) Multi-service, Layer 2/3 SLA Issues (service prioritization, loss, jitter, etc) Demonstrate the effect of End customer TCP Window size on throughput (CPE issue) Inadequate device buffers to handle bursty applications Policing effects to TCP performance? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONRFC2544 Y.1564RFC 6349N/A N/APolicing: TCP 与Layer 2测试结果差异对比 ? In this example, a 10M SLA is enforced with a 10M policing function1GigE 10Mbps Policer Traditional Layer 2 test showed “green” results when tested at 10 Mbps 1GigEtraffic exceeding SLA is dropped The TCP throughput result was quite different!5.28 Mbps!? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONRFC 6349 = TrueSpeedTMRFC 6349 compliant TrueSpeedTM test can be run in as little as 3 minutes by novice technicians with the “push of a button”Innovative “Walk the Window” step automatically tests 4 TCP window sizes and highlights actual throughput vs idealTCP throughput test provides RFC 6349 compliant metrics TCP Efficiency = Loss Metric Buffer Delay = Network Buffer Metric? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION网络级业务性能测试BER Testing,Performance MeasurementsC C ITU - G.821, G.826, G.828, G.829, M.2100 and M.2101 ANSI C T1.231, T1.510, T1.514MSPPSONET/SDH Access RingLoopbackRound Trip Delay Service Disruption TestingMSPPTributaryMSPPSI N A1 .82 .231 G T1 8 6 82 G. .829 .82 G G U IT0 10 .2 MLoopbackMSPPworkingSTM64/OC-192 BLSR protectSTM-4/ OC-12MSPPSwitchover time C& 50msTriggers: MS-AIS, MS-RDI, AU-AIS,HPRDI and Frame Sync? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONMSPP100G测试规范7. OTL层性能验证测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTL层性能验证测试同100GE的PCS层20个虚拟通道的MLD相类似, OTN在对应的层次增加了OTL层,同样完成 OTU4帧20个虚通道的轮循映射. 由于OTU4在向下适配时, 是按照每16个byte进行逐个virtual Lane进行轮循的,并通过FAS字节最后OA2(LLM)来进行逻辑Lane的标识.及相应的多lane之间 的Skew同步.随后在物理出口两路的virtual Lane合并为一路物理通道(每路速率为 11.181Gbit/s), 最后在模块的PMA层再进行一次比特间的简单复用,合成四路从四路物理波长, 因此像PCS层测试一样, OTL层相关测试同样的关键点, 相应的测试包括: 需进行相应的OTU4 帧到20个虚拟通道的轮循映射(16 byte), OTL层OTU4帧同步测试, 相应的虚拟通道的Deskew 及同步, 链路通道间的静态skew等? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范8. OTN功能及性能验证测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION设备级功能测试:信号完整性测试100G OTU4 interfacesOTN DUTOLA-15OLP-15测试项目:信号同步测试 灵敏度测试 时钟偏移测试 输出抖动测试 抖动容限测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION设备级功能测试:检测DUT的正确反馈LOFAOTNOTU-BDIOTU-AISCBDUTSimulation Port ALOS, LOF SM-BIP8 SM-TTI SM-IAE PM-BIP8 PM-TTI PSI-PT? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONReaction Port BOTU-BDI OTU-BEI OTU-BDI OTU-BIAE ODU-BEI ODU-BDI ---Reaction Port COTU-AIS --OTU-AIS ODU-AIS ODU-AIS设备级功能测试: ITU-T 一致性测试Dynamic alarm ODU-AIS 3 frames Alarm DetectionOTU-4OTNBDUTSimulation Port AOOF OOM OTU-AIS SM BDI ODU-AIS ODU-OCI PM BDI? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONDetection bytesFAS MFAS Och all bits SM byte3 bit5 PM byte3 bits6 to 8 PM byte3 bits6 to 8 PM byte3 bit5Detection criteriaerr. err. ≥ 5 frames ≥ 5 framesPN11 ≥ 3x 8192 bits ‘1’ ≥ 5 frames ‘111’ ‘110’ ‘1’ ≥ 3 frames ≥ 3 frames ≥ 5 frames设备级功能测试:客户信号映射/解映射测试测试项目: OTNOTU-4DUTSTM-256/64/16/4/1 OC-768/192/48/12/3 ± ppmMapping Client signal offset Demapping Duplex testing? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION设备级功能测试: FEC 功能测试FECOTU-4OTNCheck for FECBDUTDescription Correctable Un-correctable Maximum 8 bytes in subrow 1 16 bytes in subrow 1 8 bytes in each subrowReaction DUT correct errors cannot correct errors correct errorsReaction B no FEC errors no bit errors no FEC errors bit errors no FEC errors no errors? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONTCM性能测试Path CM(Connection Monitoring) Verify QoS CM UNI-UNI CM NNI-NNI CM客户信号NO A NO BODUkNO CODUkCM NNI UNI USRConnection Monitoring Network Node Interface User Network Interface User客户信号误码来自哪里?仪表能够针对不同的TCM进行相应的告警评估,来验证整个设备或系统网络是否符合告 警检测规范,同时需仪表在发射端向系统网络或设备注入相应的告警如:TCMi-LTC, TCMi-IAE, TCMi-TIM, TCMi-BDI, TCMi-BIAE及错误如: TCMi-BIP, TCMi-BEI等故障信 息以验证设备系统是否针对不同的告警/误码条件是否给出正确的反馈.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTN多业务承载及ODU颗粒调度测试GFP-F BMP OTL4.10 OTU4 ODU/OPU4GMP Mux GMP1.25G TS (PT=21)MAC/IPUp to 100GBulk 100GEBMP AMP GMP Mux AMP2.5G TS (PT=20)111GGFP-F BulkSDH / SONET40G Single-ChannelMAC/IPUp to 40G1(2)xODU0 ODTU4.1 ODU1 ODTU4.2 OTU4 x1 ODU4 (H) x1 OPU4 (H) x1 ODTUG4 PT=21 ODTU4.8 ODU2 ODU2e ODU3 ODTU4.3 ODUFlex ODTU4.tsODU/OPU3Transcoding40GE1(10)xMux AMP1.25G TS (PT=21)Bulk GFP-FPCSOTU4ODUj (j=0,1,2,3) Client signal Client NEODU/OPU2BMP AMP Mux AMP2.5G TS (PT=20)MAC/IP Up to 10G MAC/IP Up to 10GSDH / SONET10G Single-ChannelMux AMP 1(40)x1.25G TS (PT=21)SDH / SONET2.5G Single-Channel 2G FC, CPRI Option 3clk1~~ clk3~ clk2AMP: Asynchronous Mapping Procedure GMP: Generic Mapping Procedure BMP: Bit-synchronous Mapping Procedure TS: Timeslot PT: Payload Type Full structure supported count (Standard possible count)xODU/OPU1AMPGMPMux AMP 1(80)x1.25G TS (PT=21)SDH/SONET 155/622M Single-ChannelBulkBulk GFP-T GFP-F Bulk GFP-T1G FC, CPRI Option1/2ODU/OPU0 ODUFlex1..80x 1(10)x NxTSGMP BMPPCS 8B/10BMAC/IP Up to 1GMAC/IP Up to 100G 4/8G FC, InfiniBand SDR/QDR /DDR,CPRI Option4/5/6 10G FC MAC/IP Up to 10GODU/OPU2e? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONBMPPCSOTN业务中断测试(SDT)NEONT 50/50?splitterNE NE Selective?switch中断倒换条件需保证可选择一个或多 个组合，以满足真实网络环境中，各 种情况下真实倒换时间的测试。倒换 测试的判据需包括：LOS，LOM， OOM，SM-IAE，SM-BDI，SMBIAE，ODU-AIS，ODU-OCI，ODULCK，PM-BDI，MFAS，SM-BEI， PM-BIP，PM-BEI和误码等错误。? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G OTN环路延时测试 (RTD)由于现有业务对网络实时传送的要求越来越苛刻,因此要保证业务的高速实时的传送,底 层传送网所造成的延时必须做到尽可能的少.因此在网络开通或故障定位时需针对OTU4 接口的环路延时及OTU4里承载有以太网信号如100GE-&OTU4中以太网的环路延时进 行验证测试,以验证整个100G传送网络所造成的时延特性,及进行相应的故障排除.Operator AOTU4WDM WDMOTU4Operator BWDM WDMWDMWDM? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G OTN误码长期性能评估测试(G.8201, M.2401)G.8201主要用来规范OTN的国际多运营商之间的通道误码性能指标.而M.2401规范了OTN网络运营 商投入业务和维护业务的性能指标要求。G.8201规范针对相应的ODUk通路定义了相应的误码性能事 件, 参数及评估目标, 此评估一般需要长达30天的评估周期. M.2401指标评估测试周期相对较短一般 典型为15分钟, 2小时或24小时. 其评估指标参照于G.8201, 相关指标SESR和BBER为50%的相应 G.8201阈值Operator AOTU4WDM WDMOTU4Operator BWDM WDMWDMWDM? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范9. 100G OTN线路侧相关测试技术? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOPS 测量技术(OSNR)---不适合100G线路OSNR测试Using an integrated polarization controller, it is possible to individually adjust the polarization of the input signal for a maximum suppression with a fixed polarization filter. SOP-2Polarization Controller Polarization SplitterOSASOP-2 NoiseSignal ProcessingSOP-1Polarization splitter Polarization controllerSOP-1 Signal + NoiseArbitrarily polarized signal + ASE noise? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION需要新的测试方法(OSNR)在100G波分系统中同样存在OSNR的测试要求. 但是由于100G波分系统采用PDMQPSK新型调制技术,即利用光信号的两个偏振态之间相互正交特性来实现在同一个光载波 上携带两路信息，使得信号码元速率下降一半.这样就于前面所说的偏振态分离法测试中 认为信号光是具有单一任意偏振态的偏振光的原理相违背.因而此方法不在适用100G波分 系统的带内OSNR测试.现有唯一可用的测试方法也就大多采用关闭信号光的信道内噪声测 试法,因此如何采用一种新型的基于偏振复用的带内OSNR测试方法来实现100G波分系统 的信道内OSNR无损在线测试正在进一步研究之中.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范10. MPLS-TP测试,OAM测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION协议流量测试及Qos测试―MPLS-TP技术需求 技术需求 功能要求 功能要求MPLS-TP QoS test: MPLS-TP QoS test: Throughput, delay, jitter Throughput, delay, jitter Service transparency Service transparencylub UP 802.1Q Eth PWE3 MPLS --MPLS/MPLS-TP MPLS/MPLS-TPlub UP 802.1Q Eth PWE3 MPLS --T2Customer 2 Site B CENNI-NNI Interface PTNlub UP 802.1Q Eth PWE3 MPLS -lub UP 802.1Q Eth PWE3NNI-NNI Interface PTNNode BCustomer 1 CE Site Alub UP 802.1Q EthUNI-NNI Interface PEPE NNI-UNI Interface PTNNode BCEPTNCE Customer 1 Site BNode BCustomer 2 Site A| JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION? 2011 JDS Uniphase CorporationMPLS-TP OAM Test ScenarioMPLS-TP Operator AMPLS-TP Operator BClient Service (e.g. Ethernet) MPLS-TP PW MPLS-TP LSP MPLS-TP SectionCa1a Pa1a Oa1a Oa2a Ob1b Ob2a legend: MEP MIPGenerate/Monitor OAM Messagaes ?CCM ?LBM/LBR Label 14 Label 13 OAM ?AISOAM OAL ACH GALLabel 14OAM OAL LSPLabel 13OAM ACH GAL LSPLabel 14OAM OAL PW LSPLabel 13OAM ACH PW LSP? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G测试规范11. PTP时钟测试? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION1pps delay 及1588协议测试TDM TDM CE IWF Ethernet NTE NTE Ethernet IWF TDM TDM CEMENMaster 1588v2 Tester TDM Ethernet IWF NTE NTE Ethernet IWF Slave1pps+ToD GPS或TDM TDM CETDM CEMENMaster Slave直接测试slave clock输出1pps与参考GPS的绝 位于Master和Slave 对延时,进行开通时的链路时延补偿. 仿效1588 Slave端 验证1588v2各报文及协议 检查同步状态和时间信息 PTP包到达时间及与1588时间戳对比 检测1588 报文PDV? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONTester所有1588v2 PDVs ,时延信息计算及报文统计Master Clock Slave ClockMTS-6000A可以作为模拟Master或Slave 时钟,以下所有的信息同时都可以被监控 :? Sync PDV/IPDV ? Delay_Req PDV/IPDV ? Message One way Delayt1 t-ms Sync t2 Follow_Up t3 t-sm t4 Delay_Req Delay_RespPropagation Delay Message Exchange? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION主要测试案例介绍R&D/Validation 测试用例: 验证 CFP 光模块CFP in UnitCFP Optics requires validation, especially for OTNTest Purpose? High-speed optics does require qualification, especially with new technology One button test on ONTTest Case? Send Low-level patterns on a per-lane basis ? Frequency variation test ? Test skew? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONSkew Variation测试Test Benefits? Parallel lanes of data become skewed due to temperature variations and propagation delay ? CFP Gearbox is responsible for buffering and aligning parallel lanes of data Hard fiber loopback ? Improper alignment and buffering leads to bit errorsTest Steps? Insert CFP with a fiber loopback ? Set the ONT to Layer 2/3 100GigE Mode ? Establish an Error Free Loop ? Setup an external clock signal inputting (ref 60/61) a rate of 644MHz (for 100GigE only) ? In the Dynamic Skew Menu C program the following settings ? Skew C 4000mUI (exceeds the 2000 mUI specification at SP1) ? Slope C 1000 mUI, Step C 100mUI ? Apply the skew to one or more of the 10 lanes ? Ensure that one of the lanes has 0 skew ?If bit errors are received, reduce the skew on the lane to identify the threshold of error, 2000mUI is the specification at the interface that we are testing ?Per 802.3ba, the CFP should be able to accommodate 2000mUI of Skew VariationTable 80-5 of 802.3ba? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION121Static Skew测试Test Benefits? PCS Rx must accommodate lane skew to compensate for propagation delays inherent in Fiber, PCBs, IC’s etc. ? Verify the systems ability to accommodate for maximum skew values and report the proper alarms in errored conditionsTest Steps? Setup an end to end Layer 2/3 BERT test at 100% throughput through the network element(s) ? Establish an Error Free Hard Loop ? In the Static Skew Menu C program the following skew values (100GE only) ? Bits = 1856bits (2 x 928 bits per 5Gbps PCS lane) , 1UI = 1 bit ?Since we are entering skew based on the 10G electrical lane, we must multiple x 2 to get the max skew per 5G PCS lane ? Apply to one of the lanes (any) ? Ensure that at least one of the other lanes is set to 0 bits skew ? On the Skew Rx, verify that the Max Rx Lane Skew (5G) is 928 bits and that no errors are being viewed ? Increase the Lane Skew to a value greater then 1856 bits to exceed the maximum allowable skew ? Verify that your EMS is reporting an errored condition (ex. Loss of Alignment, Bit Errors etc)ONTTransportLine I/FTransportHard fiber LoopbackTable 80-4 of 802.3ba? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION122R&D/Validation测试用例: 流量测试Test Purpose? Ensure DUT can pass multiple streams up to line rate trafficTest Case? Generate multiple streams of Ethernet/IP traffic ? Verify signal mapping onto OTN ? Test delay through device, verify frame loss via Ethernet frames ? Inject physical alarms on ONT interface, verify DUT response (e.g. AIS/BDI)Clients 100GE Mapped signal in OTN OTU4 40GE OTU3? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONR&D/Validation测试用例: 测试Cross-Connect MappingsKey NEMS are building dedicated ODU Cross-ConnectsTest Purpose? Ensure mappings and clients switch through the switching matrixTest Case? Send client traffic that will be multiplexed by the cross-connect ? Analyze client traffic in a multiplexed OTN signal ? Inject alarms and errors ? Verify responses and propagation ? Run traffic in reverse direction ? Run service disruption testsClients GE/10GE OC-3/12/48/192 STM-1/4/16/64 OTU1/OTU2/2e ODU Cross-Connect? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONMultiplexed signal in OTN OTU3/ OTU4生产测试用例: 测试OTN/Eth Line CardsTest Purpose? Line card pass/fail testTest Case? Generate traffic at: ? 100GE or OTU4 or 40GE or OTU3 ? Monitor system for both payload and overhead errorsKey Attributes? Simple functionality & Cost efficiency ? Combine with MAP-200 for optical stimulus tests or MTM at 10G? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION现场测试用例: 100GE in OTU4Handoff point OTU4WDM WDM WDMWDM100GE in OTU4100GE in OTU4Test Purpose? Test unit effectively replaces a router at a (router) handoff pointTest Case? Unit generates 100GE payload in an OTU4 container ? Simulate service at the Ethernet/IP Service Level using RFC2544 While monitoring alarms at the OTU4 level ? Test with far-end loopback or uni-directionally? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION现场测试用例: Evolution to OTN Across OperatorsOperator AOTU3 or OTU4WDM WDMHandoff point OTU3 or OTU4Operator BWDM WDMWDMWDMCross-operator OTN interfaces do not exist yetwill happenTest Purpose? Inter-network connections between Service Providers will evolve to OTN, will use GFEC ? Because OTN interfaces are becoming more standardized andcommonplaceTest Case? Need to test at the handoff points ? Payload will be transparent ? Key test will be a traffic pattern test to ensure: ? None of the information transferred is lost? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation? No alarms are generated or detected| JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100GE/40GE 业务开通测试40GE / 100GEWDM WDM40GE / 100GEWDMFar-end unit: ? In loopback mode (RFC 2544) ? Can be in terminate mode to support one-way or bi-directional testing.Test Purpose? Ensure operation of a high-speed Ethernet serviceTest Case? Unit generates Ethernet payload using RFC2544 ? Script will automatically set a far-end loopback ? Generate report for QoS parameters (throughput, latency, FLR, packet jitter) ? User can also run a uni-directional test using streams? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION物理光接口参数测试C 通过光开关选择,来实现某一路波长信号的通道光功率,所有通道整体 光功率,模块接收灵敏度,每个通道的OMA, 光眼图及ER特性的测试, 及通过控制光路利用OSA仪表实现每个通道的中心波长、通道功率 SMSR、及详细的光谱分析测试功能.MAP-200Mux / Dual Dual 1x4 OPM Demux VOA VOA SwitchONT 100GSampling ScopeRX TX CFPOSAOPM to calibrate per λ path? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONOTU3/4 互联互通测试Router Router Router via 100GE Router Router switch via 40GE SwitchCFP 4 x 25G4x10G CFP 4x10G CXP/QSFPCFP 4 x 28G GE/10GE; SDH/SONET/OTN DWDM equipmentRouterDWDM via Inter-domain OTU4 (or 100GE)100G Line Modulation & Strong FECONT Solution cover OTU3/4 Inter-domain interfaceC C C C Full OTN frame with G.709 FEC All OTN tests: FEC stress, BIP-8, TTI, errors and alarms Provide 100GE client and sub-rate clients OTN wrapper/de-wrapper tests with a 100GE client and an OTU4 interface on each CFP| JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONCFP1OTU4/OTU3 100GE/40GECFP2CFP1OTU4/OTU3 10GEXFP? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation主流100G测试设备介绍JDSU Product PortfolioONT-5xx MTS MTS SMARTLab?HVT,?SVT,?ProductionOTDR?/?FTTxFiber?Characterization &?Spectral?AnalysisOptical?parameterInstallation?&? Commissioning,? Hardware?tests ? Software?&?System? Challenges validation ? Production?go/no?go? Measuring? optical? parameters???? Qualifying?Spectral? parameters ? Qualifying?Fibers?(40G)? Measuring?optical? parameters?? Turn\up?Testing? ? 2nd level?field? troubleshooting ? Maintenance?? Ethernet??L1\L3 Application ? OTN(…) ? SONET/SDH ? Sync\E,?clock? OIL,?ORL,?PON?OTDR,? ? Spectral?Analysis ? OSNR?Measurements ? CD?and?PMD ? Dispersion? ? PON?Power?Meter Measurements?at?40G? Return?Loss ?Loss?test ?Power?meter? Ethernet? ? OTN(…) ? SONET/SDH ? Sync\E,?clockSolution? ONT\5xx?with? 40/100G?Module ? ONT\5xx?with?40G? V2? Metro?PON? (MP)?OTDR? Module ? Modular? platforms? MTS\8000?with? OSR\500R ? All\in\one? dispersion?module? (40G)? PON?power?Meter? MTS\8K?40G? ? ONT\503? 40G/100G ? ONT\503?Module\ E+?jitterE? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONJDSU is serving the whole 40G/100G IndustryComponents Sub-Systems NEMs Carriers & Service ProvidersResearch & Development System Verification ManufacturingEarly AdoptersLab Testing Deployment TroubleshootingIncrease Test EfficiencyAutomate / Leverage Synergies? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONAnritsu MD 1260A总揽 Public release Sept’ 2010 Limited applications from physical layer through OTU3/4, Ethernet 40GE, 100GE & OTU3/4 solution Very late to marketApplication breadth but very limited depth. No dynamic skew, weak OTN, limited Ethernet.? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONIxia总揽Cisco Ottawa, ALU Ottawa, NTT Japan, Nortel, Juniper, Cisco SJ all have Ixia unit L2 C L7 not strong on PCS and below Strength is higher Ethernet layers Likely to dominate router test businessFocus on higher layers of Ethernet. Weak on physical layer, very weak on OTN. No 100G portfolio? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONExfo总揽IQS-85100G Packet Blazer C announced May ‘09 100GE CFP based solution (CXP via adapter in CFP slot) Layer 1,2 & 3 testing (but have ‘talked’ OTU4 C Ciena + ALU and on GUI) Transponder testing stressed on sales materialEthernet & OTN. No dynamic skew.. Potential 100G portfolio (optics)? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATIONSpirent总揽Dual CFP slot 2 x 100GE or 4 x 40GE Focus on L2-L7C Did mention L1 featuresFocus on higher layers of Ethernet. Weak on physical layer, no OTN. No 100G portfolio? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION第十部分: 100G系统工程案例分析100G 传送方案 Telefonica 100G 现网测试: 1088km + 5 x TOADM + 2x BOADM (2009.12)Madrid - Caceres C Seville C Merida route, with a total distance of 1,088 kmLTROADM ROADM ROADM100Gbs TxROADM LTEnhanced digital processing100Gbs RxROADM? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION100G高速传送案例 IIR WDM Conference C Monte Carlo100G - Next Generation Coherent TechnologyReal Solution For Your NetworkOptical Spectrum Analyzer Dispersion compensated fibre (DCM) DCM-free fibre Traffic generator Bit Error Rate MonitoringHD TVVideo Server1830 PSSIn Line Amplifier1830 PSSIn Line Amplifier1830 PSSChannels allocation10G NRZ 10G NRZ 100G PDM-QPSK coherent 40G P-DPSK 10G NRZ50 GHz spaced adjacent channels3x 10G over 3x 10G λ 1x 10G over one 40G λ 3x 10G over one 100G λ10G signal daisy-chained through 10/40/100 transponder HD video multiplexed over the 100G λPhotonic OAMNetwork Manager? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation140 | Welcome to the 100G Era | June 2010 AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL100G高速传送案例 Deutsche Telekom T-Systems 100Gig Trial100G across IP & Optics Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 1830 PSS Connecting high-performance datacenters across universities & research institutions in Germany To enable new cloud-based services, collaborative applications & file exchange&We must ensure that we can adapt our networks to the constantly increasing demand for bandwidth anytime and in an economical way. Testing the new 100 Gigabit technology between Dresden and Freiberg under real conditions is an important milestone on this way.“ Hagen Rickmann, Innovations & Portfolio Mgmt, T-Systems. Dresden Bergakademie FreibergT-Systems and Alcatel-Lucent Deploy Industry-First Commercial 100Gbit/s Link Spanning Optical and IP Routing TechnologiesHLN Architecture Facilitates Leap Forward in Collaboration & Cloud-Based Services for Leading Universities and Research Institutions in Germany10 GigE / nx10GE100 GigE100G coherent optics100 GigE10 GigE / nx10GE7750 SR Service Router~ 60km1830 PSS DWDM/ROADM1830 PSS DWDM/ROADM7750 SR Service Router? 2011 JDS Uniphase Corporation|JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
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