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你可能喜欢北京英语角_北京英语活动_北京英语俱乐部 | 北京相语俱乐部(You Talk Club)一个语言与思想交流的社交平台
活动目标:提升口语和听力能力,敢于与别人用英语对话。
活动内容:课上重点进行地道表达,文化背景解析及现场表演,按剧本进行排练,大家一起玩角色扮演练口语。
目标人数:常规6人组+最佳第7人女和最佳第8人男
活动时间: 每周日晚 7:00~9:00
活动地点:Central Perk Cafe, 朝外Soho A座 601
加入形式:会员制
参与者要求:英语基础较好,能够完整进行句子表达,不要求很顺畅
第一次开始时间:凑齐6人即可开始
预约微信: (不接受空降)
来这里,你只需要做好两件事!
第一, 把你的发音练的和你喜欢的角色一样 第二, 在玩角色扮演的时候顺畅把台词说出来! 让我们身临其境重温一次老友记吧!
我相信,三个月后,你的口语一定会突飞猛进!
讨论情景话题,了解背景知识
(锻炼口语能力)
主持人教学部分
(地道的词汇,语法,句子,日常交流技巧等)
(纠正发音,知道)
(拓展词汇,充满趣味)
Peer Pressure 这件小事,知乎和Quora 上的同龄人怎么看?
从小就是“别人家的孩子”,也不能免俗地面临严重的Peer Pressure.
本期职小越为大家诚意奉上编译自知乎和Quora 的相关回答,不妨看看同龄人,是怎样考虑这个问题的。
Peer Pressure (同侪压力)的参考定义:
Your peers are the people similar to you in age and status. Peer pressure’s when you do something because they’ve persuaded you to, or because everyone else is doing it and you’re afraid you’ll look like silly if you don’t join in. Often you don’t necessarily agree with it.
@匿名用户,知乎
从上学时一味追求名校,到毕业后一味追求投行咨询精英行业,我像大多数中国孩子一样,几乎从出生的那一刻起就体验到了peer pressure。参与更多英语活动请进入
从好的方面来看,peer pressure让人不偷懒、不松懈,周围人都在努力读书的时候,我也会不自觉地用功起来;周围人都在规划职业的时候,迫使我也去思考自己的未来,而不是一味回避这个让人恐惧的问题。从坏的方面看,peer pressure让人随大流、不思考,不敢跳脱出去做意想不到的事情,是禁锢,是无形的枷锁。
我的想法是,既然peer pressure无法避免,不如好好去利用它。
譬如说,你周围的同学都在削尖脑袋往投行咨询界挤,你不想这样,因为你觉得你对这一行并不感兴趣,这完全没错;而事情不能到“他们喜欢这个,我不喜欢,所以这一切跟我就没有关系啦”这一步就结束了,你应该多问问自己几个问题:“如果毕业后我不想做这些,那我想做的是什么?”“为了我想做的这件事(法律/新闻/医学/研究,等等),我可以做出哪些努力?”
找外教一起来聊聊这个吧~ 点击加入
@云衡,知乎
我两年前很焦虑,现在peer pressure问题对我来说不存在了。分享一下认知变化:)
关键在于“同侪压力”的“同”字。
你感到压力是因为你觉得,你跟那些人是同样的人,所以他们获得的成果也是你本来可以选择但没有选择的。
但事实不是这样。
你们本来就是totally不同的人,背景相似之处再多,也是完全不同的人——兴趣不同,志向不同,性格不同,价值观不同,愿意为事业付出的努力不同,可以选择的捷径不同……这些不同,在职业和人生道路上,远比年龄、成绩、学历的相同要重要。
明白这一点之后,海天一阔。
这不是只有几十年跨度的零和游戏,这是亿万人一起创造的一段体验。
不再局限于年龄、圈子之类的相同,也不再拘泥于阶层、职业、时代之类的不同。
对世界参差多态的美妙多了一层理解,也多了一层敬惜。
古今上下,四海列国,天子走卒,士农工商,皆可观,皆可学。
所以并不存在peer pressure这回事。坐井观天,井是幻象。
@沙枝,知乎
我最早的同龄压力体验可以追溯到学龄前。
班上女孩子们穿类似婚纱的白色纱裙,而家境很一般的我,连跟父母提一句的勇气都没有。那时我们太小了,小到既不太会用言语表达优越感和胁迫,也说不清楚心里那种不痛快究竟是什么。类似的后来就很多了。
城堡形状的全自动转笔刀什么的。
同龄压力在个体的身上,很少体现为思考。
更多时候它直接化为一种冲动。
说明白,就是我那时候看到别人有什么什么,我不太会去想,为什么他有,而我没有?更不会去想,是不是人人都必须有?没有真的会让我不快乐吗?取而代之的是一种焦灼和失落,你断言道,他们有,我一定也要有!就算现在我实在不能实现,早晚我也一定会有!
这是很粗浅的体验。
后来等我上了学,我渐渐意识到了一件事。
我是一个异类。
好的,坏的,各方面,都是个异类。
我不知道应该怎么掩饰这种或许别人根本没有看到,但我自己却觉得非常刺眼的不同。
@匿名用户,知乎
总是看到别人有很多优点,觉得他们在做的事情好像很宏大,而自己做的那么微不足道,虽然事实没那么严重。可还是给自己好大的压力。
感觉创业的同学很有勇气,搞不好人家就能搞出一家上市公司;做学术的同学很有毅力,搞不好人家成为著名科学家;做公务员的同学,搞不好成为称霸一方的官员(整天到处玩的人也很有前途,搞不好人家玩出特别的境界。
@Geofanny B. Yohanes, Quora
Ever since I was a little kid, I’ve always been alone or friends with just few people. Right now, I feel very comfortable with the small circle of friends I have.
There was one period of time where I felt sad and thought “why am I not popular” and “why don’t many people like me”, but at some point, I realised that I probably won’t enjoy being so popular. I don’t want to go to lots of parties. I don’t want people I don’t know to know so many things about me. I don’t want so many people to interact with me.
In the end, I stop wishing to be popular. I’m fine. I have a few close friends with whom I can be the real me. I am respected enough not to get bullied. I’m somewhat accepted, though I am not popular. I just focus on being nice in general.
从小我就经常独来独往,朋友很少。现在,我的朋友圈依然很小,这让我感觉很舒服。
有一阵子我不怎么开心,总爱问自己“为什么不广受欢迎”或者“为什么有些人不喜欢我”?但很快我就意识到自己并不向往受人欢迎。我就是不爱参加聚会,不想让不熟的人知道很多关于我的事情,不想和太多的人打交道。
最后,我就不纠结了。这样很好,在一些真正的朋友面前我可以展现真实的自我,没有互相恐吓,尊重彼此。我不是明星,但仍然有人愿意接受我,对他们我也很友善。
@Allison Hellman, Quora
Peer pressure can be positive, negative or neutral, it’s not always bad. Most people focus on negative peer pressure and forget the rest. Examples are below:
Positive Peer Pressure:
I am a huge procrastinator. I wasn’t going to study for the test tomorrow. My friends and I were hanging out that day though, and everyone there decided to study. I felt like I had to study so I wouldn’t feel weird, and to fit in. Maybe a friend says “Do you want to go over notes?” and I don’t want to admit that I hate studying.
This is positive peer pressure since studying is a positive thing to do.
同辈压力可以是积极、消极和中性的,它并不总意味着不好。绝大部分人只关注消极的同辈压力而忘掉了其他,来看看这个例子:
积极的同辈压力:
我有很严重的拖延症,明知明天要考试,但我还是不想学习。白天里我和朋友们都出去玩,然后晚上他们打算复习一下。我只能一起学习,不然看起来像个怪人。我不想让人知道我讨厌学习,所以在朋友们都在复习笔记时也只能复习。
这就是积极的同侪压力,因为学习是件积极有益的事情。
@Luke Carter, Quora
When someone quits smoking and a friend asks if you want to smoke.
When someone quits drinking and you get invited to a party with alcohol.
It’s important to remember why you made the decision to quit whatever you’ve quit or to not do whatever you don’t feel comfortable doing so that when life throws those tests at you, you’ll be ready to stand up and say you won’t be doing that anymore.
你戒了烟,却不停地有朋友问你要不要抽一根
你戒了酒,却不停地有人让你去晚会上喝几杯
要记住你选择戒烟戒酒的原因,因为你不想再继续。
当生活向你扔来一道选择题,你就应该准备好做出和他人不一样的选择,果断拒绝。
So a holistic life is not possible when there is thought, time, and the desire for identification and for roots. They prevent a way of living that is whole, complete. You hear the statement, and your question then will be, ‘How shall I stop thinking?’ It is a natural question, isn’t it?
所以,当思想、时间以及对认同和根基的渴望依然存在时,完整的生活就不可能实现。它们妨碍了完整的、整体的生活方式出现。你听到了这个说法,然后你就会问:“我要如何停止思考呢?”这是一个很自然的问题,不是吗? 参与活动一起来探讨吧~~
You know that time is necessary to learn a skill, a language, or a technical subject. But you have also just begun to realize that the ‘becoming’, the moving from ‘what is’ to ‘what should be’, involves time, and that it may be totally wrong, it may not be true.
你知道时间对于学习一门技能、一门语言或者一个技术上的学科是必要的。但你也开始意识到“成为”、从“现在如何”到“应该如何”的这种运动中也包含了时间,而这种时间也许是完全错误的,也许是不真实的。
So you begin to question. Or do you just say, ‘I don’t understand what you are talking about but I will go along with it’? Which is actually what is taking place. Honesty, like humility, is one of the most important things. When a vain man cultivates humility, that humility is part of vanity. But humility has nothing to do with vanity, with pride. It is a state of the mind that says, ‘I don’t know what I am, let me inquire’, and never says, ‘I know.’
于是你开始质疑。还是你只是说,“我不明白你在讲什么,但我会带走这个说法”?这就是实际上正在发生的事情。诚实,就像谦卑一样,是最重要的东西之一。当一个虚荣的人培养谦卑,那谦卑就是虚荣的一部分。但谦卑实际上与虚荣、与骄傲毫无关系。那是这样的一种心灵状态:它会说“我不知道自己现在如何,让我来探究一下”,而绝不会说“我知道了。” 教你英语聊天
Now, you have listened to the fact that all time is now. You may agree or you may not agree. That is a dreadful thing—agreeing and disagreeing. Why should we agree or disagree? The fact is that the s you don’t agree or disagree with it.
现在,你已经听到了这个事实:所有的时间都是现在。你也许会同意,也许会不同意。这真是一件致命的事情——同意和不同意。我们为什么要同意或者不同意呢?太阳会从东方升起,这是一个事实,对此你不需要同意或者不同意。
So can we put aside our conditioning of agreeing and disagreeing so that we both can look at facts, so that there is no division between those who agree and those who do not? Then there is only seeing things as they are. You may say, ‘I don’t see’, but that is a different matter. Then we can go into why you don’t see. But when we enter into the area of agreement and disagreement, we become more and more confused. The speaker has said our lives are fragmented, our ways of thinking are fragmented.
所以,我们能不能抛开我们同意不同意的制约,这样我们双方就都能看着事实,于是就没有了同意和不同意的人之间的分裂?这样的话就只剩下如实地看到事情本身。你可以说,“我没看到”,但那就是另外一回事了。然后我们就可以来看看你为什么没看到。然而,当我们进入了同意不同意的领域,我们的思维方式就会变得支离破碎。
You are a businessman, you earn lots and lots of money and then you build a temple or give to charity. See the contradiction in it. We are never deeply honest with ourselves—not honest in order to be something else or to understand something else. But to be clear and to have an absolute sense of honesty is to have no illusions.
你是一个生意人,你赚了很多很多钱,然后你建了一座寺庙或者捐献给慈善事业。看看这其中的矛盾。我们从来没有对自己真正诚实过——不是为了成为别的什么或者领悟别的什么才诚实,而是保持清晰,拥有一种绝对的诚实感,那就是没有任何幻觉。
If you tell a lie, you tell a lie and you know it and say, ‘I have told a lie’, and do not cover it up. When you are angry, you are angry and you say that you are angry. You do not find causes, explanations for it, or try to get rid of it. This is absolutely necessary if you are going to inquire into much deeper things, as we are doing now. Not make a fact into an idea but to remain with the fact—that requires very clear perception.
如果你说了谎,那你就是说了谎,你知道这一点,然后你说“我说谎了”,而不把它掩盖起来。当你生气时,你就是生气了,然后你说你生气了。你不去为它寻找借口、寻找解释,也不试图消除它。如果你想探究更为深刻的事情,就像我们现在所做的这样,那么这一点就是绝对必要的。不要把事实变成概念,而是与事实待在一起——而这需要非常清晰的洞察。
That Benediction is Where You Are, Talk 2
《生命的所有可能》,“学习聆听的艺术”
如果没有行政手段,你是否会自觉参加各类培训,不管你喜欢与否。很多人总会以培训内容差,档次低来拒绝,有时还借以工作事情多为由来逃避,其实对于这样那样的培训,组织者也必精心,对于入选的讲座者总有与人不同的理念或者做法,不听怎么知道好不好,不看怎么知道外面的世界有多美。我一直说,自学能力是个人成才的第一生产力,如果一个人经常思考自己的不足,积极参加各种自主学习,必定成才。其实同一个学校毕业的学生差别并不很大,关键看毕业以后,你是否还能自主学习,如果停止不前,必将拉大两者之间的差距。
昨天给实习生做了一个关于如何撰写教育随笔的讲座,对于我们那一代的师范生,我们的才艺绝对让他们刮目相看,尽管你学历比我高,但不服不行。先说“强制”,其实我们也就三年,我们的音乐课也就两节,美术呀、书法呀也都不多,可老师过关抓的那叫一个严,视唱要多少条、回琴多少次,书法多少张,每天普通话朗读多少时间……一个一个过关,基本不可能逃避,因为不及格无法毕业。同时,再看课外,寝室里弹吉他的弹吉他、吹笛子的吹笛子,写书法的写书法,而那边操场上篮球的篮球,运动的运动……这种自觉的行为,让他们知道一个优秀的人民教师必须有优秀的教学技能,这种技能不是嘴上说的,而是实实在在操练完成的,那时只要你想学,一个同学带着一个同学,都会认真学。那时的我也培养了我独立的自主学习能力,如今,网络发达,各种各样的学习教程视频很多,从烧菜做饭,到点心蛋糕,从技能学习到教学培训,如果你想学,仿佛没有你学不到的东西,关键看你是否要学。而如今的大学却是你想学就学,不学拉到的时代,到毕业总能混到一张文凭,或许要到找不到工作的时候才会想到我为什么没学。昨天讲座,我放眼望去,80%的学生还是听的很认真,但20%的学生就一直玩弄自己的手机,这种态度,怎么可能做一名好老师?大概是我讲的不好吧。
其实,实习是一个改变自己教育观念,真正了解学校、了解孩子、了解老师、了解教育的过程,这个过程需要静下去融合,去体会的。一个认真的实习生,毕竟会融合到班级集体,融合到带班教师的班级管理,但仿佛又有多少实习生能静下心去,全身心的投入进去,始终把自己当成局外人。每次我巡课过去,不管是中饭管理也好,有时课堂也罢,总有那么几个实习生管自己听着音乐,玩着手机,做操的时候虽然按照导师的要求管理班级,对个别调皮的学生不闻不问,仿佛没看见似的。当然了,优秀的学生还是不少,很多学生不仅帮助老师管理班级,批改作业,平时看看教育书籍,准备明年的考试,这种认真劲就是做一个好教师的前提,希望保持。
一个优秀的人才,除了老师给他的必要知识外,必定是一个自学能力超强的人,这种往往对新鲜事物感兴趣,并有敢为人先的勇气,有长期坚持的毅力,这种人,别说坚持十年,坚持三年就让你刮目相看。自学英语也需要纯正口音的外教陪练,点击了解
经济移民常常被输入国当地居民视作对工作和福利的一种威胁,从上个世纪的墨西哥前往美国的移民大潮的经验来看,或许出台合适的政策来平衡移民和社会福利之间的关系才是唯一出路。
Economic migrants are seen as a threat to jobs and the welfare state. The reality is more complex 参与下期讨论活动,可以关注公众号 北京英语俱乐部
STOKE-ON-TRENT in northern England is home to the world’s second-oldest professional football club, Stoke City FC. Founded in 1863, it enjoyed its heyday in the mid-1970s, when the club came close to winning the top division. The playing style was described by its manager, Tony Waddington, as “the working man’s ballet”. These days the flair is often provided by players from far afield. More than half the first-team squad comes from outside Britain, mostly from other parts of Europe. But that is about as far as Europhilia in Stoke goes. In June’s referendum on Britain’s European Union membership, the city voted strongly for Brexit.
A study by Italo Colantone and Piero Stanig of Bocconi University in Milan found that areas where jobs are vulnerable to competition from Chinese imports, mainly those in Britain’s faded industrial north, tended to be in favour of leaving. Stoke City FC are known as the Potters intribute to the city’s once-great pottery industry. But Stoke also seemed predestined to be a Brexit supporter on another count. An analysis by The Economist earlier this year found that in places such as Stoke, where the foreign-born population had increased by more than 200% between 2001 and 2014, a vote to leave was almost certain.
Someone’s heyday is the time when they are most powerful, successful, or popular.全盛时期
win the top division
赢得顶级联赛
If you have flair, you do things in an original, interesting, and stylish way.才华;资质;创意
A squadis a group of players from which a sports team will be chosen.(将从中挑选运动员组队参赛的)运动队,大名单
be vulnerable to
a place, thing, or idea that is vulnerable is easy to attack or criticize
tributeto sb/sth
showing the good effects or influence of sb/sth(良好效果或影响的)体现,显示
Potteryis the craft or activity of making objects out of clay. 制陶手艺;陶艺;陶瓷制造
predestined
If you say that something was predestined, you mean that it could not have been prevented or changed because it had already been decided by a power such as God or fate.命中注定的;上天安排的
Immigration of low-skilled workers has become an increasingly contentious political issue in both America and Britain. Voters in host countries often see a sudden influx of people from places with lower wages, poorer working conditions and a less generous welfare system as a threat to their livelihoods and living standards. In America the debate is about whether migrants hold down the wages of native workers. In Britain the main concern is that migrants put additional pressure on housing, public health services, schools and transport systems.
Along with trade, migration is one of the two main sources of public anxiety about globalisation. For the host economy, the gains and drawbacks are similar to those from trade. Immigration enriches the workforce, allowing for a more finely graded specialisation that raises average productivity and living standards. Diverse workforces are likely to be more productive, especially in industries where success depends on specific knowledge, such as computing, health care and finance. By easing labour bottlenecks, low-skilled migrants help to keep down prices of goods and services.
The drawback for native workers is competition for jobs and public services. In principle, an influx of low-skilled workers depresses wages for competing native workers, in the same theoretical way that opening up to trade with poor countries does. The balance of benefits and costs will depend on income: the rich are likely to do better out of the bargain. Economists dispute the extent of the overall gains and losses to hosts and labour-sending countries respectively.
contentious
A contentious issue causes a lot of disagreement or arguments有争议的;引起争论的
An influx of people or things into a place istheir arrival there in large numbers.流入;涌进
to keep sth at a low level 使保持低水平
gains and drawbacks
balance of benefits and costs
gains and losses
Come pick my strawberries
Some benefits are uncontested. For immigrants from poorer countries moving to Stoke, or indeed to any part of Britain, there are clear gains. They can hope for a better job, a marked improvement in their quality of life and access to better public services such as health care. Economic migrants are by definition a mobile labour force. Migration helps to deal with labour shortages in low- or mid-skilled industries, such as mining or agriculture, and in remote places where it is difficult to attract native workers. Migrants are also often granted work visas on the strength of having scarce skills.
Other elements of migration are more controversial. If host countries benefit from immigrants, then the countries that send them must be losing out on manpower, skills and tax revenue. The people who move are often the brightest and best—those with the get-up-and-go, the languages and the connections—so their country of origin may suffer a brain drain. A recent paper from the IMF puts a number on this. Between 1990 and 2012 almost 20m people moved from central, eastern and south-eastern Europe to richer countries in western Europe. This east-west migration accelerated after 2004 when eight eastern European countries, including Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, joined the EU. The IMF researchers reckon thisexodus lowered cumulative population growth in labour-sending countries by eight percentage points. If those mostly young and skilled workers had stayed put, the gap with the EU in income per person would have been five percentage points narrower.
uncontested
没有争议的
on the strength of
基于,依据
the brightest and best
get-up-and-go
brain drain
When people talk about a brain drain, they are referring to the movement of a large number of scientists or academics away from their own country to other countries where the conditions and salaries are better.人才流失;人才外流
If there is an exodus of people from a place, a lot of people leave that place at the same time.大批离去;成群撤离
cumulative
If a series of events have a cumulative effect, each event makes the effect greater聚积的;积累的;渐增的
These results are open to dispute. Migrants typically move from places where economic prospects are poor, making it hard to establish whether weak growth is a cause or a consequence of their leaving. The chance of a better life elsewhere may also create a stronger incentive for those who remain to acquire new skills. Michael Clemens of the Centre for Global Development and Satish Chand of the Australian National University used a natural experiment provided by a military coup in Fiji in 1987 to study the effects of emigration on that country. The economy was split between indigenous Fijians and those of Indian origin. A large chunk of the second group, generally high-skilled, left after the coup. Most of them went to Australia and New Zealand, which admitted well-qualified migrants. It seemed the ideal opportunity to measure the effects of a brain drain.
What the researchers found was that the Indian Fijians who stayed behind started to acquire skills at a faster rate in order to be able to emigrate (or at least to have the option of doing so). They also concentrated on disciplines that allowed them to meet the skills-based immigrationcriteria most efficiently. The increased investment in skills was large enough to raise the stock of human capital net of the first wave of emigration, in which a fifth of the Indian-Fijian population left. The brain drain was fully offset.
a military coup
indigenous
Indigenous people or things belong to the country in which they are found, rather than coming there or being brought there from another country.当地的;本土的;土生土长的
a large chunk of
a fairly large amount of sth.相当大的量
A criterion is a factor on which you judge or decide something.(判定的)标准,准则
If one thing is offset by another, the effect of the first thing is reduced by the second, so that any advantage or disadvantage is cancelled out.抵消;补偿
implicit contract
What about the impact on host countries? Many native workers see uncontrolled immigration as a break with an implicit contract: that the state will look after its own. It creates a tension between immigration and the welfare state. That tension, though, is mostly policy-related. Where migrants’ employment rate is higher than that of natives (as is the case with migrants within the EU), fears that immigration will add to the welfare burden are largely unfounded, though much depends on how welfare policies are designed. In America, for instance, only those who have paid into the public Social Security (pension) scheme for at least ten years are entitled to benefits. A well-designed policy could make immigration and welfare provision complementary.
The trouble is that at local level there is often a mismatch between the extra resources that immigrants add and the extra demand they create. Additional pressures on local public services are a particular problem in Britain, where central government raises taxes and allocates spending. Centralised budgets make it difficult for local authorities to respond flexibly to changes in local conditions, and strict planning rules limit the construction of new homes when demand surges.
Some other European countries deal with economic migration rather better than Britain does. In Denmark a lot of budgetary policy is made at municipal level, says Jacob Kirkegaard of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. If an area has an influx of migrants, it receives more local tax revenues to expand public amenities, build more schools, hire more doctors and so on.
Another concern among natives has been that immigrants put downward pressure on wages. In theory they should, but empirical studies come to different conclusions. On one side is George Borjas, of Harvard University, whose study in 2006 found that although immigration did not depress overall wages between 1980 and 2000, it did hold down the pay of the low-skilled by 5-10%. On the other side, David Card, of the University of California, Berkeley, concluded that there was no effect. His view was based on a study of the “Mariel boatlift”, an unexpected surge in Cuban migrants to Miami in 1980. Mr Card reckoned that Miami had become accustomed to handling large inflows of unskilled migrants. Mr Borjas has recently looked at Mr Card’s analysis again and claims that high-school dropouts, a subset of the low-skilled native workers in Mr Card’s study, did in fact suffer a material fall in wages.
Amenitiesare things such as shopping centres or sports facilities that are provided for people’s convenience, enjoyment, or comfort.生活福利设施;便利设施
Mariel boatlift
1980年的马列尔偷渡事件 (Mariel Boatlift)中,有150,000古巴人一次性渡海达迈阿密,这也是历史上最大的一次军事渡海行动。
Until quite recently the academic literature treated migrants as substitutes for native workers. But what if t if low-skilled migrants helped to boost the productivity of low-skilled natives? Gianmarco Ottaviano, of the University of Bologna, and Giovanni Peri, of the University of California, Davis, find that for workers with at least a high-school qualification, the wage effects of low-skill immigration are positive if you drop the assumption that workers of the same age and education are perfect substitutes and that workers of one skill level, say cooks, do not affect the productivity of workers at other skill levels, say waiters or restaurant managers. The effect on the wages of high-school dropouts is only mildly negative. A paper by Marco Manacorda, Alan Manning and Jonathan Wadsworth, of the London School of Economics, similarly concludes that immigrants to Britain are imperfect substitutes for native-born workers, so they have little impact on natives’ job prospects or wages. New immigrants tend to affect only the pay of recently arrived immigrants.
From these muddy waters, it is possible to draw two tentative conclusions about the broad impact of migration on wages. First, the effect on the bulk of low-skilled native workers has been fairly muted—perhaps because the way work is done changes in response to large-scale migration. However, the pay of some narrow categories of workers (say, farm labourers in Britain or high-school dropouts in America) may still be affected.
To deal with the tension between immigration and the welfare state, three rules suggest themselves. First, make benefits conditional on having paid into the system. Second, tie the funding of local public services to local tax revenues to ensure an automatic response to an influx of migrants. Third, restrict migration to prime-age, skilled workers who are more likely to get jobs and less likely to lose them in a recession.
But this may not be as straightforward as it sounds. Almost two-thirds of the new jobs that will be added to America’s economy in the next decade will be low-skilled or mid-skilled jobs, according to a projection by the country’s Bureau of Labour Statistics. Care workers, kitchen staff, auxiliary nurses and builders will be in strong demand in Europe, too. Such demand may not easily be met by indigenous workers, even at higher wages.
Will these jobs be filled in a black market or in a formal labour market? This is a question America has faced before. In the 1980s the baby-boomers were moving towards middle age, causing a spike in demand for young, low-skilled labour. This coincided with a demographic bulge in Mexico. An overhaul of America’s immigration rules in 1986 regularised those Mexican workers who had arrived before 1982. Henceforth work visas would be granted only to high-skilled migrants. The interplay of supply and demand created a black market, causing the number of illegal migrants to reach 12m in 2007, when policing of the border was stepped up. It was only quite recently that the flow of migrants was reversed (see chart).
Europe now faces a supply-demand dynamic similar to America’s in the 1980s. It has an ageing population, whereas on its doorstep, in the Middle East and Africa, populations are young and growing rapidly. A lesson from America’s engagement with Mexico is that a formal system for low-skilled immigration, perhaps with fewer entitlements than for skilled workers, is far preferable to turning a blind eye to informal migration.
If there is a spike in the price, volume, or amount of something, the price, volume, or amount of it suddenly increases.(价格、数量的)突然上升,剧增
demographic bulge
turn a blind eye to
对……视而不见
for the most part
多半,就绝大部分而言;大多;大半
unfettered If you describe something as unfettered, you mean that it is not controlled or limited by anyone or anything.自由的;不受拘束的
Only within the EU’s borders is the free movement of people tied to the free movement of trade and capital. For the most part, enthusiasts for globalisation have rooted only for freer trade and open capital markets, not migration. Yet many of them are now having second thoughts about the benefits of unfetter
ed capital too.
对于中国大陆的读者来说,在哲学领域区分“唯物主义”和“唯心主义”是理所当然、天经地义的事情,似乎这是最重要、最根本的区分,不存在什么疑问。人们普遍认为,从古至今的任何哲学观点,或者属于唯物主义流派(或具有唯物主义倾向),或者属于唯心主义流派(或具有唯心主义倾向),二者必居其一。中国哲学界近些年虽有少数学者对这种区分提出一定质疑和讨论,但是一来并未引起足够重视,二来仍未讲出完全令人信服的道理。参与本期北京英语角活动,请关注 笔者在《超越西方思想——哲学研究核心领域新探》(增订版2008年)一书中采用与现今人们所知道的各种哲学观点和流派都很不相同的研究思路,包括没有从“唯物主义”和“唯心主义”这种简单的区分出发,不过并没有对这一问题做出正面的讨论。笔者现在对此进行初步地讨论。 从字面上看,中文的“唯物主义”和“唯心主义”这两个术语,一是突出“唯”字,二是突出“物”和“心”字,即从字面上理解,似乎唯物主义学说只承认有物质存在而不承认有精神(“心”)存在,而唯心主义学说只承认有精神存在而不承认有物质存在。实际上当然并非如此。简单地说,大致可以分为认为是物质更重要还是精神更重要这两种看法,迄今哲学教科书多表述为“是物质第一性还是精神第一性”。而西方语言中的相关术语则有所不同,尤其是缺少汉语术语中“唯”的意思,或至少很不明确。此外,西文“materialism”和“idealism”这两个词都是多义词,所以在汉语著作中有时也把它们分别译为“物质主义”、“物欲至上”和“观念论”及“理想主义”等。 但不论怎样,迄今的讨论主要都围绕“物”与“心”、“物质”与“精神”这两样东西,这就是说,并没有跳出二元存在论的思路。而在笔者看来,这本身恰恰就是有毛病的,即无论是把世界最终归结为物质还是最终归结为精神、或者最终归结为二者,都是不大正确的、是片面的。如果只知二者而完全不知其他,只考虑二者而不考虑其他,从把哲学当作最广义科学研究的角度看只会陷入很大误区。 首先可以问:语言、文字、符号是什么?应该属于物质还是精神?其次,人们想象出来的东西(比如妖魔鬼怪、神仙等)是属于物质还是精神?这些问题迄今都难以给出令人完全信服的答案。毛病就出在“物质-精神”二分法的思路过于狭窄。笔者认为,语言文字、符号既不应简单归属为物质,也不应简单归属为精神,而是人类所创造出来的十分特殊的东西。其次,人们所想象出来的东西也不应简单归属为物质或者精神,而是必须专门加以考虑和安排。这样,就必须跳出这种二元论思维的路数。20世纪西方著名哲学家波普尔提出一种“三个世界论”即三元存在论的思路。一些中国大陆或华人学者也提出各种新思路,包括唐力权的“场有哲学”、任恢忠的“物质-意识-场”论、吴学谋的“泛系论”等等,这些都是哲学领域大胆探索的尝试,但是显然都有很大的不足,迄今也没有被国内外学术界所普遍接受。 经过多年反复研究思考,笔者做了一次新的大胆尝试,一共区分开四种最基本的东西,即整个世界最终都归结为这四种东西:一,对象世界(即可以命名的整个世界,包括整个自然界、人类所制造出的一切产物);二,符号世界(主要包括语言文字及数学符号体系);三,定义内容世界(当我们对一个词的不同理解和定义进行争论时,实际上就是争论其定义内容,定义内容固然都是人为规定的,但是必须要讲出令人信服的道理,才能被大多数人所接受);四,想象力世界(人们争论到底有没有妖魔鬼怪、神仙等的存在,其实都只是在争论人们所想象出的东西到底是否“存在”,这些东西当然并不存在于自然界当中,而是只存在于人们头脑的想象力当中以及借助于文学艺术作品等所表达出来)。 这种四元存在论包含了世界上所能接触到和想到的所有东西,由此出发能给出令人信服的解释,从而避免从“物质-精神”二分法以及其他各种存在论出发所遇到的各种尴尬。详细论述请见笔者《超越西方思想》一书以及发表在凤凰网博客“刘立群北外”上的有关文章,特别是“哲学创新的出路在哪里”等文。 从以上讨论可以得出:由于“唯物-唯心”之争只是从“物质-精神”二分法出发的,因此很多事情、很多道理都讲不清楚,也不可能讲清楚,有很大的局限性,因此必须另辟蹊径,进行新的尝试、接触新的思路。从笔者的四元存在论出发就可以发现“唯物主义”和“唯心主义”等学说或倾向都存在各自的不足和缺陷,都不完全正确,但也都有各自某些可取之处。换言之,从古至今的哲学研究领域之所以出现许多观点极为不同的争论,主要是因为没有完全正确解决哲学的问题,在把哲学问题完全正确解决之后,这些争论将没有必要继续下去。笔者《超越西方思想》一书就是完全解决哲学核心领域问题的大胆尝试。 仍需补充两点。一,在当代中国大陆的汉语表达中,“唯物主义”和“唯心主义”这两个词已经具有和西文“materialism”和“idealism”这两个词本来意思很不同的引申义,即中国大陆已常把“唯物主义”一词当作“实事求是”、“不凭空臆造”的同义语,而把“唯心主义”一词当作“不实事求是”、“凭空臆造”的同义语。从这个词义来说,“唯物主义”代表科学的、实事求是的精神,是褒义词,而“唯心主义”代表不科学的、不实事求是的精神,是贬义词。不过,这已经不属于纯哲学讨论的领域,是由我们中国大陆特定的历史环境所造成的用语习惯。但如果把这种日常用语直接译回西方语言,则往往会出现误会,比如如果把“唯物主义”直接译成“materialism”,而“materialism”目前在英语国家乃至整个西方主要是“物质主义”甚至“物欲至上”的意思,那么显然会出现很大误解(连罗马教皇都严厉批评materialism即物欲至上的倾向)。所以,在这种场合可译为“matter-of-factness”(实事求是精神)等意思。 二,主张唯物主义的人必然主张无神论,而有神论则必然与唯心主义相关联。在这个意义上说,唯物主义是正确的,而唯心主义是不正确的。但是主张有神论的人却不承认这点,他们认为神仙上帝是信之则有、不信则无,认为这取决于每个人的体验,没有公认的客观真理和客观验证可言。迄今主张无神论的学者对此也无可奈何。在笔者看来,这恰恰说明迄今唯物主义学说的局限。而从四元存在论出发,就可以看出,鬼神上帝的确都“存在”,但是这出自于人的想象力即虚构,因此并不属于物质世界,而是属于想象力世界,然后用语言文字以及视觉艺术等各种手段表达出来。 人们会进一步问:既然鬼神都是想象、虚构出来的,那为什么现在还有这么多人相信它们?答案是:1,相信鬼神存在并且有“法力”甚至“法力无边”的人其实并不知道鬼神是人类自己想象、虚构的产物,如果人们都知道是这样的话,就基本上不会有人再相信它们了;2,宗教心理学、宗教社会学等各门科学对于宗教的社会作用、心理作用等问题已经进行了大量研究,得出了许多有意义的结论,有兴趣的读者可以去参考有关著述。
价值和价格,中学倒是学过些什么价格围绕价值波动之类的。但是深入社会越多,其实我往往发觉有很多很多有价值的东西未必能得到合理的价格。今日有朋友深入乡村之地,于交通不便之地发觉了很多代代相传的手艺等等,朋友见其文化上的价值,然而当地那些手艺人其实只想获得丰厚的金钱回报,坚持这类文化上的传承于其人而言一来太过辛苦,二来其本身未见自身手艺之意义。由是之事故,引发我颇多的思考,传承之类的事情,在我国已经太多太多的东西在历史之间因着人为的破坏,自然的破坏而湮灭在历史之中,想我三四千年历史的文明,如今很多的景,不过是近些年建造而成,说文化底蕴,尽远远不如扶桑,曾经看过一篇文章,日本百年老店,几百年甚至千年老店也所在颇多,反观我国,所谓很多的百年老店早已经物是人非了,匾额上的百年老店,你若信其为真,实在是应该多缴纳些智商税。
繁此赘述种种,只是在思考何为价值,何为因赞许推行保留之物,若有价值之事物,无合理之价格,想必很快便会湮灭,然何谓有价值之事物,或许这样的思考需要全体的智商上线,文明的深化,若整体民族开化以及眼界品味能够提高,想必才能真正的给有价值之事物以合理之价格。有时候想想为何崇洋媚外?或许是因着国外文脉未曾断绝,文明的传承不曾中断,有价值之事物经历千百年文明洗刷,得时间之认证,各方文明之肯定吧。浑不似我国几百年又一遭劫难,文明多为野蛮所征服,太多的传承,手艺,作品淹没在铁蹄之下,大火之中,暴民之手吧。
1、不可忽视的职场“35岁现象”
我明显感觉到35岁以上人群对职业生涯规划的迫切性。我们清晰地洞察到,时间点的把握对一个人的成长如何起着决定性作用。
在我遇到的客户中,有两类较极端的案例:一类是已经做到一定级别,总监级以上,在公司具有一定地位,年薪不少于20万的人。参与北京英语角讨论活动本期话题,关注-非英语培训机构
另一类是工作多年,但依然处于一个相对低的位置,无论是职位和薪资,都没有起色。通过对比我们发现,那些在职业发展上获得成功的人,都有一个共同的特征,那就是在自己所熟悉且擅长的领域,至少精耕细作了10年以上。
而那些在职场上找不到位置的人,往往每隔一两年换方向,从来没有在某一个方向上深入积累下去。当然,除了频繁跳槽,还有另外一个因素,那就是已经在一个方向上深入积累,但这种积累属于重复劳动,致使职业发展原地踏步。
不管你是否承认,你都必须重视“35岁现象”。很多企业在招人时,明确规定年龄在35岁以下。如果你的年龄到了35岁却还在通过招聘网站投递简历不断跳槽,你就应该反省一下自己到底哪里做错了。
当然,根据我们的经验来看,如果你真到了35岁才去思考这个问题,很可能这时你已经束手无策了。所以,未雨绸缪会比临时抱佛脚有用得多。
我的客户中有很多80后,这也是职业规划问题的高发区。年龄最大的一批80后,已经“三十而立”;但还有一部分80后,正在迈向30的路上。年轻时,你有犯错的资本,但到了30岁,这种资本将不再是你的专利。为了不让你35岁以后的职业生涯变得一塌糊涂,你再晚也应该在30岁时确立明确的目标。
2、30岁:你必须要面对的三大问题
为什么说30岁如此重要且特别?因为在这里,你将会面对三大问题。一:家庭与责任的问题
不要以为自己还年轻。不要以为有些问题离自己还很远。无论是颓废还是忙碌,你的时间都在飞快地逝去。
大多数的人到了这个年龄段,都必须考虑家庭问题。如果你已经成家立业,你必须清醒地意识到:你的职业如何发展,才能让你支撑整个家庭的负担?这不仅仅包括你的爱人,还包括你的孩子及父母(尤其是双方都是独生子女的时候,你要承担的是双方四位老人的供养)。
二:能力与年龄的匹配度问题
为什么很多企业在招人时,明确规定要5年、10年经验。因为工作时间意味着与之匹配的能力。同样的工作,5年经验和10年经验所积累的能力是不一样的。你的工作年限越长,往往意味着你的能力越强,这二者是一种正向倍增的关系。但如果你违背了这种关系,你就无法获得用人单位的认可,丧失了更好的职业发展机会。
其实很多人都面临这样的问题。很多工作3年、5年的人,和工作1年的人在能力上没有什么差别,所以当他们的职业想向上突破时,会遇到很多的阻力。导致这种情况的产生有两种原因:一是频繁跳槽,没有在一个方向上积累,无一技之长;二是虽然在一个方向上长期积累,但只有第一年是成长的,剩下的几年都是在做重复劳动,原地踏步。
三:知识结构的构建与提升问题
曾经有个客户,会计做了五六年,也积累了相当丰富的经验。有一次去应聘某知名快消企业的财务经理,在面试的过程中,所有具体操作层面的问题,他都能对答如流,但上升到系统及战略层面,他的脑子就一片空白。
身在职场,不同职位的人,做的事情是不一样的,需要的思维模式也有差别。一个基础的会计想着如何处理好账务,这是他的职责所在;但如果一个财务总监,还天天想着如何和报表打交道,那就是他的失职了。
因此,你看问题的眼光和思路应不断发展和突破。要不然,你永远只能停留在操作层面,不会有大的发展,职位也很难上升。
3、30岁之前:如何打好基础
30岁是一个承前启后的年龄,如果你30岁之前几乎没有任何积累,那么,30岁以后的职业生涯可能会十分困难。这是硬伤。所以,要想顺利渡过30岁这道坎,你就需要在30岁之前对自己负责,未雨绸缪。
你要做的第一件事,就是找准一个可以为之奋斗5年、 10年甚至更久的目标。一个清晰的目标,可以让你的职业成长围绕着一个点去积累经验,这种积累也是你日后升职加薪的筹码。方向明确了,哪怕你走得再慢,也可以比那些走弯路的人走得快。
我曾经访谈过一个客户,7年换了6家公司,照理说,大家会认为这个人的职业发展很糟糕。其实不是。这个人目前的税后月薪是1万元,属于还不错的那种水平。大家也许会纳闷:为什么频繁跳槽的人,会有这样的职业发展水平?
观察他的成长经历,我们发现,原因只有一个,那就是:每一次跳槽,他都没有偏离既定的方向。只要方向不错,那么,他的每一步行动,都是在接近这个方向,都是在为以后的职业发展积累更多的筹码。你积累的厚度,将最终决定你未来的发展高度。
现在房价、物价这么高,很多人的生存压力也骤然增加,导致大家迫于生存压力而变得浮躁和随波逐流。一份工作,有人坚持了几个月,觉得看不到希望,工资无法提升,就选择跳槽。但实际上,跳槽并不能从根本上解决问题。
人在职场,做多少事,拿多少钱,天经地义。如果你无法为公司贡献更大的价值,却还想着得到更多的回报,你当公司傻吗?你为公司贡献多少价值,取决于你的能力。而能力的积累,则源于在一个方向上的长期坚持。既便是那些看起来令人很羡慕的成功者,也少不了日积月累的修炼与成长。
4、职场无非两件事:做事,做人
如果说找准目标是为了积累核心技能,更好地做事的话,那么,学会做人,则是你要职场发展要考虑的第二件大事情。
在做人的修炼中,有四项要素,能对你以后的职业发展起到致命影响:
第一项要素:人际关系处理能力
这包括与你上司的关系,以及与你同事的关系。与上司的关系不好,直接决定着你的升迁。所以我经常说:“如果你与上司的关系不好,基本上意味着你在公司的职业生涯就此终结。”
而与同事的关系不好,即便你哪一天升迁了,成为了他们的领导,你也会因为缺乏“群众基础”而导致权力被架空,你的下属对你不是阳奉阴违,就是故意挑衅,你会发现领导这个位置其实很不好坐。
第二项要素:不断学习的能力
我们应注重学习的重要性。我曾经碰到一个客户,已经近40岁的人了,做会计做了14年,但只是一个基层主管,在公司中也看不到晋升机会,好多年没有加薪了。
我们问了他一个问题,“在这14年中,你有没有进行过培训、进修或者其他形式的充电?”他说,“没有”。“从来没有吗?”“从来没有。”这是一个极端的例子,但这种现象在职场中并不少见。
关于学习与成长,你不妨问自己几个问题:
与一年前比,我的专业能力明显进步了吗?
无论是理论还是实践,我有自己独特的见解吗?
遇到职责范围内的事情,我一个人能搞定吗?
没有学习,你的职业发展就会原地踏步。你以为你没有退步,但实际上别人在进步,你与别人之间的差距在不知不觉中拉开了,你也就退步了。
第三项要素:职业化精神
不管你有没有目标,不管这项工作是不是你愿意做的,只要你在这个岗位上,你就应该把事情做好。在其位谋其职,这是最起码的一种职业素养,也是任何岗位都不可或缺的职业精神。
如果不想做好,那就走人,别在这里浪费大家的时间。良好的职业素养,有时候比能力本身更重要。
第四项要素:强大的内心
很多职场人,其实内心都很脆弱,无法经受漫长人生道路上的各种苦难。要知道,每个人的成长都不是一帆风顺的。强大的内心可以让人在绝望中看到希望,而消极悲观只会让你在希望面前错机良机。
“物竞天择,适者生存。”优胜劣汰永远是自然进步的法则。你只有适应这个法则,才能在这样竞争激烈的社会中获得生存之地。
5、30岁之后:如何实现质的突破
要想让你35岁以后的职业生涯实现大的发展,你应该从30岁开始,好好利用5年时间,准备好以下3件至关重要的事。
第一件事:完成你的专业化品牌构建
如何构建你自己的个人品牌。30岁以后,再去频繁跳槽,肯定是不行的,最大的不利,就是你的专业知识成长,永远只是停留在一个相对低的层次上,而这又会影响你职位的晋升与薪水的增长。我该干什么,适合做什么,此时应该有一个清晰的定位,并利用剩余5年的时间去积累。否则,“35岁现象”一定会在你身上上演。
为了支撑你“专业化”的品牌形象,你还需要在以下两个方面努力。
其一,就是前面提到的知识结构问题,要脱离具体的操作层面的问题,把你看待问题的眼光放得更高一些,更远一些,成为一个具有“远见卓识”而不是“鼠目寸光”的人。这个时候,在职学习、进修等等都需要提上日程,学会用新的知识充实自己的头脑。
其二,就是树立自己在行业内的影响力。为什么有些人出去讲一次课就要好几万?为什么有些人能够用自己的力量推动一个行业的发展?原因就是他们的影响力太大了。你要想成为优秀的职场人,也必须树立在这个行业内的影响力,用你的思想去影响别人。
第二件事:把自己培养成一个优秀的管理者
除了那些专业技术人员,如果你想在职场上获得更多空间,职位晋升必不可少。走上了管理者岗位,是你职业成长的关键一步。但这个位子并不是人人都能坐稳的。盖洛普曾经做过一项调查,发现基础员工离职频繁,很多时候问题并不在于公司,而是在于上司。
所以作为中层管理者,你必须意识到:你的管理,将有可能改变你下属的终身命运,很可能是你错误的管理方式,在不知不觉中伤害了你的下属,迫使他们离开公司。
第三件事:找一家成长中的公司,伴随其成长
在你成长的过程中,找一家具有成长潜力的公司,随着公司一起成长,是一件非常重要的事情。
一是你可以亲眼目睹一家公司从小到大、由弱到强的成长历程,对公司的运营会有更深入的理解。
二是在公司成长的过程中,你的价值也会有更大的发挥余地,会更容易展现出来。很多人找工作时都倾向于大公司,这可以理解,但是要想快速成长,寻找规模不太大的成长中的公司,其实是更好的选择。因为在成长的过程中,对人才的需求较为迫切,你的职位晋升也会更快。
三是你的忠诚度会为你的发展带来更多回报。企业用人,最重要的一条就是忠诚。没有哪一个企业喜欢朝秦暮楚的员工。尤其是现在跳槽率、流失率这么高,忠诚就成为了一种非常难能可贵的职业精神。
不论你现在已经“奔三”,还是正在“奔三”,请始终告诫自己:不要虚度了大好年华,抓住所有能够抓住的时间,为自己芸芸众生般的生命多积累一些厚度。当你慢慢变老的时候,回想自己的一生,你希望是令人欣慰的一生,还是悔恨和懊恼的一生?
最后,借用我最喜欢的乔布斯语录,作为结尾:
“人这一辈子没法做太多的事情,所以每一件都要做得精彩绝伦。你的时间有限,所以不要为别人而活。不要被教条所限,不要活在别人的观念里。不要让别人的意见左右自己内心的声音。最重要的是,勇敢的去追随自己的心灵和直觉,只有自己的心灵和直觉才知道你自己的真实想法。”
人生很长,与君共勉!
今天学的词是scandal。Scandal就是丑闻,丢脸的事。你肯定会说,噢,这个词我熟悉,听多了。
报导说,最近两年来, “…national and local scandals have polluted the political atmosphere for GOP candidates,” 全国和地方上出现的丑闻污染了共和党候选人的政治气氛。
全世界各地都有丑闻,举不胜举。水门事件迫使美国前总统尼克松辞职下台, “Watergate scandal forced Nixon to resign.” 台湾总统陈水扁和他家人的丑闻 – “scandals surrounding Taiwan President and his family,” 导致人们静坐示威要他下台。上海的陈良宇因腐败丑闻被免去职务, “A Shanghai official was fired due to financial scandal.” 还要举例子吗?够了吧!

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