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Show standard content汽车玻璃膜选择不可迷信商家所说的隔热无敌-汽车膜|塑料薄膜|橡塑–中国材料网
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汽车玻璃膜选择不可迷信商家所说的隔热无敌
大师专家提醒消费者，汽车玻璃膜切不可迷信隔热功能，无论隔热再高的汽车玻璃膜夏季也一样需要打开，因为隔热隔的是车窗外的热量，车子在行驶过程中，发动机自身就会发热，因此车子内部的热量依然存在。而很多商家则肆意神话汽车玻璃膜的隔热性能，让消费者误以为只要贴了汽车玻璃膜，夏季就无需再开空调，而盲目消费，其实这是商家为消费者制造的误区。贴了汽车玻璃膜的确能够隔热，在阻隔了外界热量后，车内本身的热量就可以只需要将空调开的很小就能够保持凉爽了，因此做到了节能省耗，可这并不意味着某些商家为刺激消费者购买自己的汽车玻璃膜产品而杜撰出来的，诸如只有贴了汽车玻璃膜汽车内的空调将会无需再开等的夸大性宣传，因此消费者在购买汽车玻璃膜时一定要淡定，仔细挺清楚商家的每一句汽车玻璃膜性能的相关话题，以免上当。
夏季选择汽车玻璃膜除了隔热，安全性也是至关重要的，同安全相关的是汽车玻璃膜的防爆性能、抗紫外线性能、增加隐私功能和防眩光功能等，其次要考虑舒适性，与适性相关的才是隔热性能，因此购买汽车玻璃膜时切勿迷信隔热性能，除了安全性和舒适性外最后考虑的就是美观性，这便是指汽车玻璃膜的装饰性能。汽车玻璃膜的总太阳能阻隔率一般在40%~90%之间，选膜的时候最好试小样，可以比较出不同的汽车玻璃膜的隔热性能的优劣，还可以对比出哪款型号的汽车玻璃膜最配自己的爱车。一般优质磁控溅射汽车玻璃膜都是金属原色的，其金属质感超强，可与任何车型车色进行完美搭配，且能突显尊贵气质，因此在颜色的选择上，磁控溅射汽车玻璃膜为消费者省去了很多麻烦。汽车玻璃膜还有增加私密性的功能，如果是对私密性要求比较高的车主，可以将具有单向透光功能的汽车玻璃膜小样贴在车窗上，然后从车内向车外看，就可以比较出私密性。以上的所有测试方法，其实是让车主自己从感官上识别汽车玻璃膜优劣的，这也是消费者能够直接感受到的，因此要特别留意，千万别被商家什么所谓测试工具迷惑了，因为有很多不成熟的汽车玻璃膜施工店里的测试工具都是他们提前制作好的，测试的是好膜，但是自己销售的却是劣质汽车玻璃膜。所有装贴汽车玻璃膜要尽量选择成熟的有规模的授权店，现在很多4S有汽车装饰服务，也有很多街边小店都能够装贴汽车玻璃膜，但我们要认准有自己施工队伍的4S店，或是专业做汽车玻璃膜的施工商家，只有这样，汽车玻璃膜产品的质量和施工质量才能有保障，如果是同外合作型的商家就尽量不要选择，当然街边的露天施工店面更是不能选择的。
汽车玻璃膜，，汽车贴膜
汽车玻璃膜 汽车膜 汽车贴膜 大师贴膜
汽车玻璃膜 汽车膜 汽车贴膜 大师贴膜
汽车玻璃膜 汽车膜 汽车贴膜 大师贴膜
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All Rights Reserved&&&&&&From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Minimi (short for : Mini Mitrailleuse; "mini machine gun") is a
developed by
by Ernest Vervier. First introduced in 1974, it is now in service in more than 75 countries. The weapon is currently manufactured at the FN facility in
and their US subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC.
The Minimi is a machine gun firing from an . It is an air-cooled weapon, capable of fully automatic fire only. It can be
or fired from a .
The Minimi is configured in several variants: the Standard model as a platoon or squad support weapon, the Para version for
and the Vehicle model as secondary armament for fighting vehicles.
The Minimi uses a
long-stroke piston system. The barrel is locked with a , equipped with two massive locking lugs, forced into battery by a helical camming guide in the bolt carrier. Upon firing, the piston is forced to the rear by expanding propellant gases bled through a port in the barrel near the muzzle end. The piston rod acts against the bolt carrier, which begins its rearward motion guided on two rails welded to the
walls, while the bolt itself remains locked. This sequence provides a slight delay that ensures
pressure has dropped to a safe level by the time a cam in the bolt carrier rotates and unlocks the bolt, increasing extraction reliability as the empty cartridge casing has had the time to cool down and contract, exerting less friction against the chamber walls.
The Minimi fires from an , which reduces the danger of a round
after extended periods of continuous fire, since a cartridge is only momentarily introduced into the chamber prior to ignition, and the movement of the bolt and bolt carrier forces air through the chamber and barrel after each shot, ventilating the barrel and removing heat. Gas escaping the gas cylinder is directed upward, avoiding kicking up dust and debris that would reveal the shooter's position.
The Minimi has a manually adjustable gas valve with two positions, normal and adverse. The adverse setting increases the cyclic rate of fire from 700–850 rounds per minute to 950–1,150 rounds per minute and is used only in extreme environmental conditions or when heavy fouling is present in the weapon's gas tube. The spring
is located inside the bolt, while the tilting lever ejector is contained inside the receiver housing. Spent casings are removed through a port located at the bottom of the right side of the receiver, protected from debris with a spring-loaded dust cover. The Minimi is striker-fired and the bolt carrier functions as the striker mechanism.
The Minimi has a push-button type manual safety installed in the trigger housing, above the pistol grip. In the "weapon safe" position, it disable pushing the button to the right side exposes a red-colored rim on the left side of the firearm and indicates the weapon is ready to fire. The black polymer pistol grip from the
rifles was initially used, but the Minimi is currently fitted with a modified grip with lateral grooves, installed at a smaller angle to the receiver.
The Minimi Para with a , spare barrel and ammunition pouches.
The Minimi features a welded receiver made from stamped . Both the standard and Para variants are equipped with a fixed, folding
mounted to the gas tube and stowed under the handguard. The bipod can be adjusted in height and each leg has three height settings. The bipod also offers a 15° range of rotation to either side. With the bipod fully extended, the bore axis is elevated to a height of 465 mm (18.3 in). The Minimi can also be fired from the Belgian FN360° tripod or the American M122 mount using an M60 pintle. The vehicle-mounted Minimi is fitted with an electrically powered trigger that enables it to be fired remotely from within an armored fighting vehicle.
The standard light machine gun version has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel and a skeletonized
stock with a folding wire shoulder strap. The shortened Para model has a 349 mm (13.7 in) barrel and a collapsible metal stock, while the vehicle-mounted model has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel but does not have a stock or . All models can alternatively be fitted with a fixed synthetic stock, the same used on the M249, which contains a hydraulic buffer that contributes to stabilizing the rate of fire and reducing recoil forces.
Lifting the feed tray cover reveals the rotary bolt locking mechanism.
The weapon is fed from the left-hand side by disintegrating-link
ammunition
(a miniaturized version of the
belt), from either an unsupported loose belt, enclosed in a
ammunition box with a 200-round capacity attached to the base of the receiver, or from detachable , used in other
5.56 mm
such as the
and . Magazine feeding is used only as an auxiliary measure, when belted ammunition has been exhausted. The ammunition belt is introduced into the feed tray, magazines are seated inside the magazine port at a 45° angle, located beneath the feed tray port. When a belt is placed in the feed tray it covers the magazine port. Likewise, a magazine inserted into the magazine well will prevent the simultaneous insertion of a belt. The magazine port, when not in use, is closed with an L-shaped hinged flap equipped with a tooth, which engages a corresponding opening in the magazine and serves as a magazine release. This feature was developed by FN's Maurice V. Bourlet and allows the Minimi to be instantly changed from belt feed to magazine feed without any modification.
The pawl-type feeding mechanism is modeled on the system used in the
, which was originally used in the -era . The belt is moved in two stages during both the forward and rearward movement of the reciprocating bolt carrier, which provides for a smooth and continuous feeding cycle. The feeding mechanism top cover features a device that indicates the presence of a cartridge in the feed path.
The barrels used in the Minimi have an increased heat capacity for sustained fire, feature a -lined rifled bore (six right-hand grooves) and are manufactured in two versions: with a 178 mm (1:7 in) twist rate used to stabilize the heavier Belgian 5.56×45 mm SS109 projectile, or a 305 mm (1:12 in) twist for use with American M193 ammunition. The barrels have a quick- a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that releases the barrel from its trunnion. A carrying handle is also fixed to the barrel and assists in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6–7 seconds. Early models of the Minimi had a
with side ports as seen on the FNC,
and FAL new production guns have a shorter, -shaped slotted flash suppressor.
Both the standard and Para models come with a rear sight, adjustable for windage and elevation, that provides a peep aperture for ranges from 300 to 1000 m in 100 m increments. The hooded front sight is installed in a post on the gas block and is also adjustable for elevation and windage. Early models of the Minimi had the rear sight mounted forward of the feed cover and the front post secured to the barrel, closer to the muzzle end. An adapter can also be used that allows the use of standard NATO night and day sights.
Standard equipment supplied with the Minimi consists of three ammunition boxes, a cleaning kit stored inside the forearm, lubricant bottle, sling and .
fires the PIP-upgraded M249 SAW.
Australian special operations soldier with a Minimi 7.62 TR Sliding Butt in Afghanistan, 2009.
version of the Minimi was adopted by the US military in 1982; since 1984, production for the US military has been carried out entirely in the US by a local subsidiary, FN Manufacturing LLC in .
As part of the US military's M249 Product Improvement Program (PIP), the M249 was updated with: a new synthetic stock and modified buffer assembly, a single-position gas regulator, a so-called birdcage type flash hider/compensator from the M16A2, a polymer barrel heat guard, and a folding carry handle. As a result, the weapon’s weight increased to 7.47 kg (16.5 lb). Many of the PIP upgrades were later incorporated by FN for the Minimi.
A lightweight variant of the Para with a
top cover rail adapter is known as the Minimi Special Purpose Weapon (SPW). It had the magazine feed port removed to further reduce weight, and a railed MIL-STD-1913 handguard was used that enables the use of standard tactical accessories.
Another variant of the SPW requested by the US Special Operations Forces is the Mk 46 Mod 0 that incorporates a lightweight fluted barrel but lacks the magazine feed system, vehicle mounting lugs and carry handle. A railed forearm ensures modularity and mission-adaptability permitting the use of flashlights, vertical grips, and infrared laser designators. An improved variant known as the Mk 46 Mod 1 with an improved forward rail and lightweight
bipod has been adopted by the .
The Minimi prototype was originally designed in , and later redesigned around the 5.56 mm cartridge. When the
issued the requirements for the , the original plans for the Minimi were retrieved and used to develop this new model. As a result of favorable reviews of the Mk 48 Mod 0 and increasing demand for a more powerful variant of the Minimi, FN Herstal introduced the Minimi 7.62, available in several different configurations. Apart from the different caliber, the Minimi 7.62 incorporates a non-adjustable, self-regulating gas system and a hydraulic recoil buffer in the buttstock assembly. The Minimi 7.62 also has a different sight setup calibrated for the larger cartridge. The rear sight is adjustable from 100 to 1,000 m by 100 m increments. The sight can also be corrected for windage. A variant of the Minimi 7.62 equipped with a railed Picatinny handguard is the Minimi 7.62 TR.
In November 2013, FN Herstal unveiled the improved Mk3 version of the Minimi light machine gun. The upgrades were based on operational experience and user feedback over the past 10–15 years. It can be converted to fire either 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm rounds. The stock is 5-position adjustable that is also adjustable for cheek rest height with a folding shoulder rest and hydraulic buffer. The feed tray has retaining pawls to hold ammunition from the belt in place while loading. The handguard has 3 forward picatinny rails. A new bipod is 3-position height adjustable and seamlessly integrates into the shape of the handguard when folded back regardless of accessories that may be attached. Others features include a more ergonomic cocking handle and an optional heat shield to protect from barrel heat. Users that already have Minimi machine guns can partially or completely upgrade their existing weapons with the Mk3 features.
The Minimi is being licence-built in , , , ,
by , , , ,
respectively.
Copies of the Minimi have been produced meant for export in
without license, in the name of XY 5.56 x 45 and chambered in .
also produced the Minimi without license, as the T75.
The Minimi has been adopted by over 45 countries. Users include:
Mexican state police armed with vehicle mounted Minimi.
Canadian soldiers training with the C9A1. The C9A1 is a Belgian-made Minimi Standard equipped with a 3.4x .
A Minimi Para gunner of the .
An Australian F89A1 Minimi. Fitted is a
and the standard issue 1.5x power scope common with the .
soldier with a Ksp 90B leads a
vehicle out of a simulated forward deployed location at the National Training Center in , , during exercise Bold Quest.
Map of FN Minimi operators.
uses the M249 light machine gun supplied by the United States.
 : Designated F89 in Australian service. It is manufactured by . The longer flash suppressor of the
is used to enhance accuracy. The 7.62 mm model known as Maximi, is also in limited service.
 : Standard infantry support weapon of the . Uses both the standard (called the Minimi M2) and Para (Minimi M3) models.
 : Used by the BOPE, as well as the
 : The
C9 is a standard factory Minimi with a steel tubular stock. The C9A1 comes fitted with a
on the feed cover mounting a 3.4x
telescopic sight and can mount a vertical grip on the underside of the stock for added stability in prone firing. The C9A2 mid-life upgrade introduced a shorter barrel, green furniture, a -style collapsible stock, folding vertical foregrip and a
(LAM). Two C9s are carried by each infantry .
 : Used by
in 7.62 NATO.
 : Used by the .
 : Used by the .
 : Produced locally under license.
 : The Para version is widely used by the . Replaced the
 : Manufactured under license by , used by the
and special forces. First 10 examples delivered in 1999.
 : M249 SAW is used by the Hungarian Special Force.
  Standard light machine gun of . Made under license by .
 : In use with the
(ARW) special forces.
 : The Minimi is made under license by , which has a partnership with FN, and is employed by the Italian Armed Forces, replacing the MG 42/59 (a variant of the WWII , which still sees widespread mounted use) in the
role. The Minimi is being widely employed by Italian forces in all the most recent and current international theaters of operation.
 : Partially replaced the
with the . It is manufactured under license by .
 : Standard light machine gun in Latvian inventory.
 : The Para variant is used by the
intervention unit of the .
 : The
replaced the
machine gun with the Minimi. Also used by police special force units.
marines utilize the Minimi in the squad automatic weapon and vehicle mounted role along with the Federal Police and various state police forces.[]
   : Purchased 5,500 units in 2002.
 : The
has brought in the Para version of the Minimi to replace the
in some infantry roles. The dutch
use the Minimi 5.56 para version.
The MAG is still being used as a , support fire weapon and as a vehicle-mounted weapon.
 : The
uses the Minimi under the designation C9 Minimi. This gun has been used as the Army's Light Support Weapon (LSW) since 1988. The 7.62 Minimi TR in Feb 2012 was selected to replace the C9 LSW Minimi and will be known as the 7.62 LSW Minimi in NZDF service.
 : In use with /, , and
since late 1980s, since 2011 in use with armed forces of Norway (1,900 machine guns were purchased in 2011).
 : FN Minimi Para used by the .
 : Designated F89.
 : Used by the
(Peruvian Naval Infantry).
 : In use by the
(AFP). Purchased the FN Minimi in May 2002.
special forces,
(7.62 mm), .[]
 : Used by the .
 : Minimi Para used by the .[]
 : Minimi Para used by the .
 : The
acquired Minimi light machine guns in the
 : Known as the Ksp 90 (Kulspruta 90). Para model designated Ksp 90B; both are made by .
  : Designated LMg 05 (Leichtes Maschinengewehr 05) or FM 05 (Fusil mitrailleur 05).
 : Used by the Republic of China A a version re-engineered for local production, designated , is in use by the Republic of China Marine Corps.
  Used by the Royal Thai Navy Marine Corps and by the Royal Thai Army (M249 variant)
 : Used by
 : Uses standard and Para variants, designated L108A1 and the L110A2 respectively. The
equips each four-man
with the Para variant. The LMG is usually fitted with the 4x
standard issue rifle sight. It is also used by the Royal Navy,
and the . Additionally, small numbers of 7.62 Minimis are in service.
use it as the .
 : FN Minimi Mk 3 are used by the Vietnamese Marines.
"The MINIMI 5.56 can be fitted with a hydraulic buffer for stabilized rate of fire and reduced recoil forces. The design of the buttstock contributes to easy, comfortable and accurate firing."—, .
Patent number: 4112817, Google patents.
- , 29 November 2013
Popenker, Maxim & Williams, Anthony G., page 41.
. FN Herstal.
(PDF). Long War Journal 2012.
Wachsberger, C. (June 1994).
(PDF). DSTO Formal Reports (Chief, Explosives Ordnance Division): 28 2011.
. army.gov.au. Australian Army 2012.
Juchniewicz N.; Manchip J. (12 May 2011). . Army News (Australia). Defence News (Australia). p. 4 2011.
Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. .
. .br 2014.
. . 3 November .
from the original on .
- , 2 August 2013
Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment – Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. pp. 146 and 152.
. ShadowSpear. 12 June .
Retrieved on July 29, 2008.
いこまいけ高岡.
– Unofficial Website of Unité Spéciale, Officially Endorsed.
(PDF) (in French). RAIDS Magazine. March 2006.
Lasterra, Juan Pablo (2004).
(PDF) (in Spanish). ARMAS Magazine.
Thompson, Leroy (December 2008). . Special Weapons.
Rachel Crivellaro.
New Zealand Army official site
Martin (Ed.), Judith (February 2012).
(PDF). NZ Army News (428). p. 5 2012. The New Zealand Defence Force has selected the FN Herstal 7.62mm Minimi TR as a replacement for the 5.56 mm LSW C9, currently in service. The weapons are being acquired now, with NZ delivery due to start from April this year, and introduction to service and issuing to units planned to occur in last quarter of 2012. The 7.62 LSW Minimi will be issued to certain Army and Air Force Units. This will replace the C9 capability, with priority being given to field force units and regional equipment pools.
Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons . Jane's Information G 35 edition (January 27, 2009). .
Daniel Watters. .
Wilk (REMOV), Remigiusz. .
. Blic Online 2014.
Retrieved on October 6, 2008. (Swedish)
Retrieved on October 9, 2008.
(in German).
. Press release via . FN Herstal. June 8, . FN Herstal has recently been awarded a new contract by the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) for the supply of up to 176 MINIMI(TM) 7.62 light machine guns by the end of 2011. The contract also includes optional quantities of a further 250 MINIMI 7.62 machine guns to be delivered annually over a three-year period from 2012 to 2014 should these options be exercised.
, Ki?n th?c (in Vietnamese), retrieved 29 November 2013.
Popenker, Maxim & Williams, Anthony G. (2008). Machine Gun. The Development of the Machine Gun from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. London: Crowood Press.  .
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