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非洲狼在埃塞俄比亚的分布
,d.c2E原文
研究人员在从海拔1400米的大裂谷低地到3800米的高地都发现了非洲狼（图1）。在32个确认的样本中没有一个是金背的。在2012年出版的论文（就是我之前在猛兽吧里发的关于非洲狼的）的图5里提供了非洲狼与金背胡狼的对比。没有金背胡狼的基因证据呈现出来，并且他们的争议仅仅关于形态特征。此次研究中的非洲狼在形态与颜色上的形态表现很难说清。因为我们无法用专业摄像机在野外拍非洲狼，我们发现非洲狼在和体型上有着发红到黑或白的差异。图1 圆点为非洲狼，方块为侧纹我们获得了从两个拍到的非洲狼身上获取DNA样本的机会，一个来自埃及一个来自的大裂谷，二者有着完全不同的形态特征（图2）。论文中非洲狼和金背的形态特征（图5）与本次研究中的两个个体相比非常相似（图2）。除非有基因证据被提供，否则金背胡狼在非洲的明确分布仍疑问。用包括肌肉形状、尾长和差异的形态特征来对非洲的进行分类通常是有缺陷的。在Bale山，我们发现之前认为是的动物其实是侧纹。图2 A为来自埃及南部的非洲狼，B来自大裂谷地区的非洲狼有人在上发表了一张有着争议外表的照片Very Strange Canid in Bale Mountains Ethiopia ” （需要翻墙，图片如下）我们获取了一个外表相似的动物的食团样本（是另一只动物，不是里发表的那只，图3）。我们发现这只动物的属于侧纹并且将后续研究其细胞核DNA。在Jima和Bale山的侧纹胡狼的外表则与照片上的个体大相径庭。我们所有的侧纹胡狼样本却与在和的侧纹胡狼归为一类。这与的侧纹胡狼差太多了。神秘的在的确存在还是基因库中的未知因素导致了差异还需进一步研究。在这次研究中，我承认缺乏的样本。对这些动物食团样本的收集工作仍然在大裂谷的低地和Nechisar国家公园中进行。在这次研究中，我们专注于高地而忽视了低地的。在Guassa山，我们的短期野外研究揭示非洲狼像狼那样主要依靠啮齿类动物。然而，由于非洲狼广泛分布在啮齿动物密度低的地方，比如Abijatta-Shalla国家公园附近的裂谷地区，这一物种可能会有更宽的食物范围，这点需要进一步研究。参考文献Gaubert, P., Bloch C., Benyacou S.,Abdelhamid A., Pagani P., Adeyemi C., Djagoun M.S., Couloux A.
,Dufour S. (2012). Reviving the African Wolf Canislupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A
Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than6,000 km Wide.
PLoS ONE 7(8): e42740.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042740.Jhala, Y.V. and Moehlman, P.D. 2008. Canisaureus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species. Version 2013.1. & on 05 November 2013.Rueness, Eli K Asmyhr, MariaG Sillero-Zubiri, C Macdonald, David W.;
Anagaw Atickem & Stenseth, Nils Chr.
(2011). The cryptic African wolf:
Canisaureus lupaster is not a golden jackal and is not endemic toEgypt.
e.Wayne RK, Geffen E, GirmanDJ, Koepfli KP, Lau LM, et al. (1997). Molecular 文中最后一段提到了非洲狼会与狼捕食相同的啮齿类动物，二者之间可能会有竞争，我也做了个二者分布的示意图绿色为狼，为非洲狼，为侧纹这样一来，所有的、灰狼、狼都在同一地区共同分布，还会有除了棕鬣狗之外的三种鬣狗来搅局，它们之间的共存状况会很有趣
补充图3首都附近的侧纹胡狼
关于博客中动物的各种回复19 Comments on “Very Strange Canid in Bale Mountains Ethiopia (RFI)”Vladimir Dinets Says:September 11, 2012 at 2:57 amChest pattern is typical for C. simensis, which is very common on the plateau above Harenna Forest. But the body coloration and proportions seem a bit off, and I’ve never heard of them descending into the forest. Considering that there are six (!) species of Canis in the Bale Mountains, a hybrid is possible… but I don’t think you can get a definitive answer from the photo.ReplyAlexander Says:April 1, 2013 at 2:43 pmCan you please tell me what are those six species of Canis in Bale Mountains ?ReplyBob Berghaier Says:September 12, 2012 at 10:23 amCould this be a photo of the African wolf that we have been hearing about.ReplyVladimir Dinets Says:September 12, 2012 at 10:02 pmThere is definitely some Ethiopian wolf blood involved, because no other species has this chest pattern. I’ve seen an African wolf in Bale, and it didn’t look even remotely similar.ReplySteven Olson Says:September 12, 2012 at 3:59 pmsnout and ears appear less pointed than either common jackal or Ethiopian wolf. Neck appears longer.ReplySteven Olson Says:September 12, 2012 at 6:39 pmPerhaps the offspring of a female common jackal and a local dog? Is that possible?ReplyVladimir Dinets Says:September 12, 2012 at 10:04 pmMy guess would be Ethiopian wolf x striped jackal hybrid, but there are other possibilities. It could also be a pure Ethiopian with somewhat unusual coloration.ReplClaudio Sillero Says:September 13, 2012 at 8:08 amDefinitely a jackal, but whether it is the same Canis aureus we have in the northern slopes and main massif of BMNP is difficult to say. We have recently described a rather cryptic “African” wolf (from Arsi and North Ethiopia material), which can’t be easily distinguished from Canis aureus, and this might just be it.The head looks uncanningly just like Canis adustus (side-stripped jackal) which is found at lower altitude further south, although the side stripe is not noticeable. I do not think this is a hybrid.Do we have a precise location, with altitude?Claudio SilleroIUCN Canid Specialist GroupReplyCoke Smith Says:September 13, 2012 at 10:01 amWe came across this individual a bit past the ranger station heading down from Rira village at the beginning the Harenna forest, bamboo-Bale Monkey habitat. The photographs were taken in a cleared field as the animal was heading across the road. He paused and gave us a very good look before heading to the east. Try these coordinates: 6..72182 I am not sure of the elevation but it was just a bit lower than Rira. I don’t think it would be too hard to find out the elevation but I don’t know. I will post some images in a followup post.ReplyCoke Smith Says:September 13, 2012 at 10:14 amOK – here are all of the images of the mystery jackal that I was able to get. Perhaps they may be more informative. I did put some images of C. aureus that I took in the Simiens for comparison – everything is clearly labeled. I would LOVE to hear more! Thanks for taking the time.ReplyFrank Vincent Says:September 13, 2012 at 11:50 amit is definately more like a side -striped jackalFrank VincentThe Wild Dog FoundationReplyJean-Marc Lernould Says:September 13, 2012 at 1:14 pmHi Claudio and Frank,I agree with you that this canid photographed near Rira is probably a side-striped jackal, confirmed by the other pictures sent by Coke Smith.I have seen pictures of such a canid, a road kill, near Jimma.However : Neumann described Canis kaffensis in 1902 as differing from side-striped jackal. He mentions two specimens sent from Addis Ababa living in Frankfurt zoo which did not exhibit side stripes permanently, suspecting this to be related to age or season.Perhaps this canid on the pictures of Coke Smith corresponds to C. kaffensi. And it might be a species different of C. adustus.ReplySteven Olson Says:September 13, 2012 at 2:27 pmYes, looks right for a side-striped. Check out alsoFrank Vincent Says:September 13, 2012 at 11:59 amThe African wolf, looks more like a smaller version of North America’s ancient Red wolf , at least in the northern part of its range, the desert version of African wolves does look more like Arabian wolves, I’m convinced that this is a side-striped jackal,of which are cryptic and rarely seen, so they appear unfamiliar, great photoFrank VincentWild Dog FoundationReplyKaren Laurenson Says:September 18, 2012 at 6:03 amThis is a great photo. I think I have also seen this canid near Dinsho in Bale (years ago and i wondered if a hybrid too) and also here in Addis Ababa in the last month. Its probably the ‘African wolf’ but it does have head charatcteristics of a side stripe jackal its true. Convergent evolution? I’ll try and get some photos and scats from Addis and connect with Anagaw to do the geneticsKaren Laurenson, FZS,ReplyJean-Marc Lernould Says:September 18, 2012 at 11:59 amPlease look at :page 3 for my photos taken in 1967 near Dinsho.I thought it was Canis aureus at that time, with thick fur due to altitude.For me a different canid from the one photographed by Smith, especially if looking at the other photos he took of that individual.I think that “my” jackal could be the African wolf.Let us hope that Anagaw will help understanding these taxonomic issues with genetics.Jean-Marc LernouldReplySimon Langan Says:March 21, 2013 at 5:38 pmKaren, met one on the ILRI campus today here in Addis, as a non zoologist it looked pretty similar to photo, perhaps a broader snout and not so noticeable dropped hind legs as in jackal. SReplyCharles Foley Says:September 23, 2012 at 12:32 pmI would agree with the Side striped jackal verdict. At first glance its certainly not what springs to mind, but I checked it against our photo database for Tanzania and both the body proportions and patterning on the throat, chest and sides match for this species. It is a very peculiar colour though.Charles FoleyWCSReplyFrank Vincent Says:January 4, 2013 at 3:25 amit could just be a northern color variant of the side-striped from higher elevations and a much wetter environmentReply
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NPR英语新闻：埃塞俄比亚镇压异议人士致近100人死亡
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埃塞俄比亚政府正在用致命武力镇压异议人士。上周末是最暴力的一天之一。目击者称安全部队导致近100人死亡。但是今天，小冲突仍在埃塞俄比亚部分地区持续发生。
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In Ethiopia, the government is cracking down on dissidents with deadly force. This past weekend was one of the most violent. Witnesses say security forces killed nearly 100 people. But skirmishes continued today in parts of the country. NPR's East Africa correspondent Gregory Warner is based in Nairobi. He's been watching what's going on. And, Gregory, to start, what happened this weekend to provoke this level of response from the Ethiopian government?
GREGORY WARNER, BYLINE: Well, these protests had been going on for almost a year. The response by the government has always been a military one. There are often reports of shootings, killings, mass arrests. I think the high death toll this weekend & there are reports of more than 90 people killed. Again, those are numbers from activists. We don't have official tallies from the government. But I think it shows just how widespread these demonstrations have become.
CORNISH: Tell us more about these dissidents and what they're calling for.
WARNER: Well, I think the key thing one needs to know about Ethiopian politics is that last year in the election the ruling party, called the EPRDF, won 100 percent of seats in parliament & so clean sweep. Opposition politicians are harassed, jailed, tortured. Journalists can find themselves in jail just for the crime of criticizing the government. I spent a lot of today calling up people in the capital, Addis Ababa, just to find out what was going on. And I should say that I could not even call my sources in the other regions where the protests were actually happening. The phones were cut off. People really have no news, and so they're just getting all these rumors, these reports from those regions about bodies found or door-to-door police searches, arrests, disappearances.
Meanwhile, on state television, you have these choreographed denunciations of the protest, denunciations of Facebook and Twitter are seen as instigators. That is the backdrop, I think, for all these various protests and why all these local grievances have no space to be discussed and can spill out into the street.
CORNISH: You talked about the difficulty in reaching out to these areas. Where are we talking about? Where is this happening?
WARNER: Well, up until recently, this has mostly been happening in one region of the country, which is actually all around the capital, Addis Ababa. And that's a region called Oromia, it's mostly ethnic Oromo. Now it's spread north to a region called the Amhara region, and that is actually mostly ethnic Amhara. These are the two largest ethnicities in Ethiopia.
CORNISH: So help us understand how ethnicity comes into play here.
WARNER: Well, so in Ethiopia, geography is ethnicity. And the country's actually divided. The regions are literally organized by ethnic regions. So ethnicity is politics. Political parties are organized along ethnic lines. There's definitely an ethnic element, then, to these protests. But ethnicity in Ethiopia is really complicated. And there's been a lot of efforts by activists at least to call for ethnic tolerance to say these are political protests. These are not expressions of ethnic hatred.
But the government definitely wants to characterize these protests as the work of ethnic separatists and ethnic terrorists that would justify the military response. And there have been very disturbing reports of some ethnic-based violence, so we'll see what these protests turn into.
CORNISH: Before I let you go, Ethiopia is a key U.S. ally in East Africa. Is that relationship being complicated by the government's response here?
WARNER: Well, I last visited in Ethiopia in May, and the protests were still going on then. I had a not & a lot of conversations with people about the U.S. support for Ethiopia, which has continued robustly despite the lack of democratic freedoms there. Ethiopia's a large recipient of foreign aid. The military gets a lot of training and resources to fight terrorism. Again, this is the same military cracking down on the people. In those conversations, though, people were fairly realistic about the United States. People said of course America supports the ruling government. It's up to us to figure out how to change that regime.
CORNISH: That's NPR's Gregory Warner. He spoke to us from Nairobi, Kenya. Thank you, Gregory.
WARNER: Thanks, Audie.
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