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83 Cards in this Set
What does MIDI stand for?
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
What is MIDI?
A digital communications protocol
&CC& is short for
control change
&NN& is short for
note number
Why can't a single CC message specify more than 128 values?
It can only use 7 of 8 possible bits, which works out to 128 possible values
What are the 3 types of control messages?
Continuous
Channel Mode
GM provides a set of standard and control change messages.
Which one does NOT belong in GM-supported control change messages?
Data Entry
Why does sending to and from a device require 2 MIDI cables?
All of the above:
Bitstream is unidirectional
MIDI travels in one direction in one cable
MIDI is a serial protocol
Which SMF format supports 1 track per channel?
Type 1 + 2
How many program change commands can be sent over MIDI? (without sending bank select commands)
MIDI Note-On and Note-Off events are part of which category of messages?
Channel Voice Messages
Most GM devices power up with all MIDI channels set to a volume of:
What is the most commonly used MIDI mode?
Mode 3, Omni Off/Poly
What is the most commonly encountered switch controller?
CC64, sustain
How many control change commands are there?
The last 8 control change commands are reserved for what type of MIDI messages?
Channel Mode
What is the most common extension for standard MIDI files?
What does Roland call it's GM extension standard?
GS Standard
As a control language, MIDI presents a distinct advantage.
What is it?
Small file sizes
Which early computer had a built-in MIDI device?
A MIDI connector in the back panel of a synthesizer is a:
Name any two of the eight possible types of messages a status byte can send:
Note-On, Note-Off
Of the 8 messages that a status byte can carry, which is the only one that uses MSB and LSB to achieve 14 bit resolution versus 7-bit?
Pitch Bend
What purpose does CC00 Bank Select serve?
Be sure to state what limitation we would have without using it.
It allows you to select from more than 128 voices or instruments by providing multiple banks of 128 programs.
Why do you think CC07's name was changed from Main Volume to Channel Volume
Multi-timbral devices sent multiple instrument's data through different channels, so this was renamed to reflect that
With GM devices, middle C is always considered what note number?
What does having all GM devices see middle-C as a specific note number prevent?
What would happen if some unit thought it was one number other units thought it was another?
It prevents the device from playing the note back at the wrong octave
Number the pins on the MIDI jack
From left to right: 3 5 2 4 1
Identify what is on each pin:
4: MIDI data (receiver)
5: MIDI data (transmitter)
5: MIDI data
Describe the difference between channel pressure and poly pressure
Channel pressure only receives pressure data from one key pressed at a time by choosing the greatest value and applying it to all.
Poly pressure receives data individually from each individual key allowing each key/note to have it's own pressure values.
MSB and LSB stand for...?
Most significant bit, Least significant bit
What effect does combining an LSB with and MSB have?
Increases MIDI data resolution to 14-bit
General MIDI provides a standard set of how many sound presets?
On multi-timbral GM-compatible devices, which MIDI channel is used by default for drum and percussion sounds?
In a 3-device MIDI daisy-chain, which MIDI connection should the second device use to echo the MIDI events from the first device to the third?
The MIDI protocol specifies two types of bytes that can be sent/received:
Status + Data
All Control Change messages are part of what global group of MIDI messages?
Channel voice
The most commonly used type of standard MIDI file is:
The GM standard offers integrated effects that offer more control over the sound's timbre and presence in a GM-compatible MIDI sound module.
True or false?
At what speed does MIDI data move?
31.25k Baud
How many channels are specified in the MIDI protocol?
How many MIDI channels can one MIDI port handle?
MIDI pressure messages are more commonly referred to as:
Aftertouch
Which of the four MIDI modes would you be most likely to use with a guitar controller?
Mode 4: Omni off/Mono
The structure of a control change message comprises three bytes of info.
Tell whether it's a status or data byte, and what info it sends
1st byte is a STATUS byte, says A CC IS BEING SENT
2nd byte is a DATA byte, identifies WHICH CC
3rd byte is a DATA byte, identifies VALUE
Structure of a pitchbend message has three bytes.
Tell whether it's a status or data byte, and what info it sends
1st byte is a STATUS byte, identifies pitchbend data is being sent/received
2nd byte is a DATA byte, identifies at what approximate value
3rd value is a DATA byte, identifies at what specific value
What was the primary problem that General MIDI was introduced to solve?
Issues with incompatibility
If you send a program change in a GM file that causes a piano sound to be played, any GM device would also play it as a piano sound.
True or false?
GM specifies how many common drum sounds that every GM compatible device must have?
Describe the Dynamophone, also known as Telharmonium
It was the first additive synthesis device with it's own dedicated power dynamos.
It was used to create music over telephone lines.
Describe the device invented by Leon Theremin
It was the theremin, which responded to hand movement and the didn't require the performer to touch it.
What was Jorg Mager commissioned to do in 1931 for a production of Parsifal, that is relevant to our class?
Created electronic bell sounds for a theater production
Who is primarily associated with musique concrete?
Pierre Schaefer
What technological work of significance did David Seville do in 1957?
Created the Chipmunks by speeding up recorded voices with tape manipulation
Describe any significant contribution by Max Mathews
He composed the piece 'Daisy' for the first computer-generated singing voice.
Say something about the work widely regarded as &the first truly large-scale multimedia production&
It was Edgard Varese's piece which used 425 loudspeakers performed in a building built specifically for the performance
The first piece of music featuring a computer singing was done at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center.
Which landmark film was the piece played in?
2001: A Space Odyssey
In 1967, Morton Subotnick composed the electronic work, Silver Apples of the Moon.
This work was remarkable for 3 reasons.
It was the first commissioned electronic piece of music.
What famous synthesizer designer is often thought of as the &West Coast Bob Moog& who has a &Focus on the user& and has also built alternative controllers?
Don Buchla
In 1967, Wendy Carlos released:
Switched-On Bach
Name a 1960's pop/rock group influenced by tape manipulation
Frank Zappa
In 1967, Iannis Xenakis introduced a new type of synthesis called:
granular synthesis
Name the famous pop/rock album which used musique concrete in interludes between songs
Dark Side of The Moon
VCO is an acronym for:
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
The circuit that creates an initial sound in an analog synth is an:
oscillator
Describe the primary characteristics of a sine wave
Pure tone, no harmonics
A sine wave is a harmonically complex waveform.
True or false?
Primary characteristics of a sawtooth wave:
Has odd + even harmonics
Primary characteristics of a square wave:
Has only odd harmonics
Describe the primary characteristic(s) of a triangle wave.
Triangle wave has odd harmonics (1/n squared)
Which wave form is the closest harmonically (in sound) to a sine wave?
The circuit that is most often in the signal path after the oscillator is the
Filter (VCF)
VCF is an acronym for
Voltage Controlled Filter
The two primary controls in a VCF are
Resonance and cutoff frequency
What does the acronym EG stand for?
Envelope Generator
Describe in your own words what an EG does, does it have an input? If so, for what? It obviously has an output but what does it output? Where might you send the output?
It is a circuit which allows you to alter the ADSR.
It's controlled by a gate input (triggered by note), and it's output is a control voltage
One of the most fundamental, primary concepts in analog synthesis is understanding the difference between audio signal and control signals (CVs).
True or false?
What is a gate signal?
A signal that is triggered usually by a key that initiates a message
ADSR controls are associated with an EG. Each element of an ADSR can control either a time
(duration) or a level (amplitude setting). Identify which control which.
All are a setting for time, but sustain is a setting for level
Describe the function of the resonance control in a VCF.
It places an emphasis at the cutoff frequency and introduces a ringing sound
LFO is an acronym for:
Low frequency oscillator
The default “typical” routing in an analog synthesizer is:
VCO & VCF & VCA
Sketch the routing in an analog synth
VCO & (Sound) & VCF & (Sound) & VCA
^ (Voltage)
^ (Control Voltage)
Ready To Get Started?您所在位置： &
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比播放MIDI文件本身更复杂得多。我们得了解一些乐理常识.doc 20页
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比播放MIDI文件本身更复杂得多。我们得了解一些乐理常识.doc
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　对于制作MIDI音乐来说，比播放MIDI文件本身更复杂得多。我们得了解一些乐理常识和MIDI文件结构。一、MIDI文件结构分析　　MIDI文件包含首部块（HeaderChunk）和音轨块（TrackChunk）两部分。其格式一般如下：　　MThd&数据长度&&Header数据&????//首部块　　.......　　Mtrk&数据长度&&Track数据&????//音轨块　　HeaderChunk结构为:　　charMidiId[4];　　　　int??　　int??TrackN　　int??其中：　　MidiId称为MIDI文件头标志，一般将其设置为MThd；　　length为文件首部数据长度（除它本身和文件头标志占用的字节以外），通常它设置为6，即format,TrackNum和division共占用的字节数据长度；　　format表示MIDI文件存放的格式，当前只有３种格式：　　0表示MIDI文件只有一个TrackChunk；　　1表示MIDI文件只有一个或多个TrackChunk；　　2表示MIDI文件只有一个或多个各处独立的TrackChunk。　　division指定计数的方法，一种随时间计数（最高位设置为０时），另一种使用制式的时间码（最高位设置为１时）。这里，主要介绍随时间计数的一种格式。其各位意义如下：　　┌─┬─────────┐　　│0│每一拍的计数值??│　　└─┴─────────┘　　b15????b14￣b0　　其最高位一定要设置为0，其它的15位表示每一拍的计数值。如该数据为９６（以八分音符为一拍），则表示一个四分音符延时数应该为192。　　另外，在MIDI文件中，long和int型数据均将高字节值存放入低地址上，如一个long型数据为0x45678，则在文件中，存放的结果为：0x00,0x04,0x56,0x78。而在内存中，int,long的变量值通常将崐高字节值存放高地址上。因此，存放数据时，应该作一下调整。　　TrackChunk为用来播放歌曲的数据信息。每一个TrackChunk是一组简单的MIDI码（包括一些非MIDI码）的集合。它又由头部信息和崐若干个Mtrkevent组合而成。　　头部结构和意义为：　　charTrackChunkId[4];??????//TrackChunk标志MTrk　　longTrackChunkMsgL??//该TrackChunk信息长度　　而Mtrkevent是由时间计数值（dela-time）和event（MIDI码信崐息）组合成的。即：　　&Mtrkevent&=&dela-time&&event&　　&dela-time&使用可变长度的形式存储数据，它代表处理event之前要计数时间值。它在音乐中，即表示拍数。通常音乐开始演奏时，总是将计数时间值设置为0。为了能连续处理两个event，我们可以将deta-time设置为0。如：3和5同时演奏2拍（每一拍计数值为24），可以设置如下：　　deta-time????event　　0????????开始演奏３　　0????????开始演奏５　　48????????停止３演奏　　0????????停止5演奏　　event表示MIDI码信息集，如0x9n表示开始发音，0x8n表示关闭发音等等（下有说明）。　　上述的dela-time使用可变长度的形式表示数据值。可变长度形崐式是MIDI文件中对于大于８位的数据打用的一种存储方式，它把每一个数据定义为７位，剩下的最高位作为数据长度的识别。当这一位为0时，表示数据是最后一个，若为１，则表示还有下一个。　　如：数值0x3fff，可变长度形式便为0xff,0x7f；0x4000则应该为0x81,0x80,0x00。此数据的转换可以参阅WriteLenghtToBuf()函数。二、常见MIDI码说明　　MIDI码是制定音乐交换的信息码，它使用串行非同步传送，因此数据码是用多码形式。第一个MIDI码是状态码，剩余的都是数据码，其长度视状态而定。　　以下是一些常见的MIDI码。　　１、开始发音（0x9n）　　格式为：0x9nnotespeed　　它一共占用３个字节，n表示通道号，取值0-15。MIDI可以同时演奏16个通道，用此指定在哪一个通道上发音（以下n相同）。　　note表示音高数值，即音阶码值。如C4（中音１）为60，它的取值在0xc和0x6c之间（具体码值，可参考「参考书籍１」）。　　speed表示按键时的速度，用此表示音的力度。若没有力度感，可以
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& iPhone 默认不带播放MIDI的框架，所以播放MIDI还得寻求第3方的库帮忙。这里使用的库就是大名鼎鼎的 FMOD ,许多火爆游戏使用的都是这个库。开发者可以免费下载使用。
& 首先下载安装 FMOD API FOR
IPHONE：http://www.fmod.org/index.php/release/version/fmodapi42607iphone-
installer.dmg。安装后可以在目录中看到不少示范代码，可惜没有MIDI。
& 自己写一个：）
感谢强大的api，写起来异常轻松。
&&& * 新建一个基于view项目
&&& * 修改项目属性，添加 Other Linker Flags 为 -lfmodexL_$PLATFORM_NAME
&&& * 添加 Header Search Paths ：/Developer/FMOD\ Programmers\ API\ iPhone/api/inc& （默认是这个位置，修改成自己FMOD安装的目录）
&&& * 添加 Library Search Paths ：/Developer/FMOD\ Programmers\ API\ iPhone/api/lib （同上）
&&& * 把 appDelegate 修改成 .mm 的后缀
&&& * MIDI 播放需要一个 DLS 文件， 在osx 下没找到，这里使用了xp 自带的 gm.dls 文件（3M 有点大～）,拷贝到项目中。
&&& * 修改ViewController 代码如下 ，随便在xib文件中链接两个按钮action上即可
&&& * 运行（真机有效）
//& PlayMidiDemoViewController.m
//& PlayMidiDemo
//& Created by xhan on 9/9/09.
//& Copyright In-Blue 2009. All rights reserved.
#import "PlayMidiDemoViewController.h"
@implementation PlayMidiDemoViewController
void ERRCHECK(FMOD_RESULT result)
&&& if (result != FMOD_OK)
&&&&&&& fprintf(stderr, "FMOD error! (%d) %s\n", result, FMOD_ErrorString(result));
&&&&&&& exit(-1);
- (void)viewDidLoad {
&&& [super viewDidLoad];
&&& system = NULL;
&&& sound1& = NULL;
&&& sound2& = NULL;
&&& channel = NULL;&&&
- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
&&& // Releases the view if it doesn't have a superview.
&&& [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
&&& // Release any cached data, images, etc that aren't in use.
- (void)viewDidUnload {
&&& // Release any retained subviews of the main view.
&&& // e.g. self.myOutlet =
- (void)dealloc {
&&& [status release], status =
&&& [time release], time =
&&& [super dealloc];
- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
&&& FMOD_RESULT&& result&&&&&&& = FMOD_OK;
&&& char&&&&&&&&& buffer[200]&& = {0};
&&& unsigned int& version&&&&&& = 0;
&&& &Create a System object and initialize
&&& &*/&&&
&&& result = FMOD::System_Create(&system);
&&& ERRCHECK(result);&&&
&&& result = system-&getVersion(&version);
&&& ERRCHECK(result);
&&& if (version & FMOD_VERSION)
&&&&&&& fprintf(stderr, "You are using an old version of FMOD %08x.& This program requires %08x\n", version, FMOD_VERSION);
&&&&&&& exit(-1);
&&& result = system-&init(32, FMOD_INIT_NORMAL | FMOD_INIT_ENABLE_PROFILE, NULL);
&&& ERRCHECK(result);
&&& // set up DLS file
&&& FMOD_CREATESOUNDEXINFO&& soundExI
&&& memset(&soundExInfo, 0, sizeof(FMOD_CREATESOUNDEXINFO));
&&& soundExInfo.cbsize&& = sizeof(FMOD_CREATESOUNDEXINFO);
&&& char dlsName[200] = {0};
&&& [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/gm.dls", [[NSBundle mainBundle]
resourcePath]] getCString:dlsName maxLength:200
encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];&&&
&&& soundExInfo.dlsname& = dlsN&&&
&&& &&& // midi one
&&& [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/Bass_sample.mid", [[NSBundle
mainBundle] resourcePath]] getCString:buffer maxLength:200
encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];&&&
&&& result = system-&createSound(buffer, FMOD_SOFTWARE | FMOD_CREATESTREAM, &soundExInfo, &sound1);
//&&& ERRCHECK(result);
&&& result = sound1-&setMode(FMOD_LOOP_OFF);
//&&& ERRCHECK(result);
&&& // midi two
&&& [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/Drum_sample.mid", [[NSBundle
mainBundle] resourcePath]] getCString:buffer maxLength:200
encoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding];&&&
&&& result = system-&createSound(buffer, FMOD_SOFTWARE | FMOD_CREATESTREAM, &soundExInfo, &sound2);
&&& result = sound2-&setMode(FMOD_LOOP_OFF);&&&
//&&& timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:0.05 target:self
selector:@selector(timerUpdate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
- (IBAction)playSound1:(id)sender
&&& FMOD_RESULT result = FMOD_OK;
&&& result = system-&playSound(FMOD_CHANNEL_FREE, sound1, false, &channel);
&&& ERRCHECK(result);
- (IBAction)playSound2:(id)sender
&&& FMOD_RESULT result = FMOD_OK;
&&& result = system-&playSound(FMOD_CHANNEL_FREE, sound2, false, &channel);
&&& ERRCHECK(result);&&&
- (void)timerUpdate:(NSTimer *)timer
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点击:96 次\n
\t\t\t\t\n
\tiPhone 默认不带播放MIDI的框架，所以播放MIDI还得寻求第3方的库帮忙。这里使用的库就是大名鼎鼎的 FMOD ,许多火爆游戏使用的都是这个库。开发者可以免费下载使用。 首先下载安装 FM\n
\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t& iPhone 默认不带播放MIDI的框架，所以播放MIDI还得寻求第3方的库帮忙。这里使用的库就是大名鼎鼎的 FMOD ,许多火爆游戏使用的都是这个库。开发者可以免费下载使用。\n& 首先下载安装 FMOD API FOR\nIPHONE：http://ww',
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{if voteToOption==1}
{if first_option==false},{/if}&&“${b[voteToOption_index]}”&&
{if (x.role!="-1") },“我是${c[x.role]}”&&{/if}
&&&&&&&&${fn1(x.voteTime)}
{if x.userName==''}{/if}
网易公司版权所有&&
{list x.l as y}
{if defined('wl')}
{list wl as x}{/list}