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postgres dba && mysql dba
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1.plproxy的原理（参考德哥的相关文章）：&2.下载软件：选择最新版本下载即可，目前最新版本为2.5。3.解压软件并进入目录（在plproxy节点安装即可）：/postgres/plproxy-2.5@pgtest4$pwd
/postgres/plproxy-2.5
/postgres/plproxy-2.5@pgtest4$ls
AUTHORS& config& COPYRIGHT& debian& doc& Makefile& META.json& NEWS& plproxy.control& plproxy.so& README& sql& src& test&4.安装：注意需要用root用户安装，并且还要执行postgres用户的.bash_profile&source /home/postgres/.bash_profile/postgres/plproxy-2.5@pgtest4$makebison -b src/parser -d src/parser.ygcc -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fpic -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/server -I/usr/local/pgsql/include -DNO_SELECT=0 -I. -I. -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/server -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/internal -D_GNU_SOURCE&& -c -o src/scanner.o src/scanner.cgcc -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fpic -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/server -I/usr/local/pgsql/include -DNO_SELECT=0 -I. -I. -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/server -I/usr/local/pgsql/include/internal -D_GNU_SOURCE&& -c -o src/parser.tab.o src/parser.tab.c....gcc -O2 -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fpic -shared -o plproxy.so src/scanner.o src/parser.tab.o src/cluster.o src/execute.o src/function.o src/main.o src/query.o src/result.o src/type.o src/poll_compat.o src/aatree.o -L/usr/local/pgsql/lib -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/usr/local/pgsql/lib',--enable-new-dtags& -L/usr/local/pgsql/lib -lpqecho "crea" & sql/plproxy.sqlcat sql/plproxy_lang.sql sql/plproxy_fdw.sql & sql/plproxy--2.5.0.sqltouch sql/plproxy--2.3.0--2.5.0.sqltouch sql/plproxy--2.4.0--2.5.0.sqlcat sql/ext_unpackaged.sql & sql/plproxy--unpackaged--2.5.0.sql/postgres/plproxy-2.5@pgtest4$make install/bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/pgsql/lib'/bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/pgsql/share/extension'/bin/mkdir -p '/usr/local/pgsql/share/extension'/usr/bin/install -c -m 755& plproxy.so '/usr/local/pgsql/lib/plproxy.so'/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./plproxy.control '/usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/'/usr/bin/install -c -m 644& sql/plproxy--2.5.0.sql sql/plproxy--2.3.0--2.5.0.sql sql/plproxy--2.4.0--2.5.0.sql sql/plproxy--unpackaged--2.5.0.sql '/usr/local/pgsql/share/extension/'5.plproxy配置：在三个节点上分别创建三个库（此库用来做代理，sql分发函数等都在这个库里定义，其中第三个节点的db_plproxy用作plproxy路由）：/postgres/plproxy-2.5@testpg$createdb db_plproxy
postgres=# \l
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& List of databases
&&& Name&&& |& Owner&& | Encoding |&& Collate&& |&&& Ctype&&& |&& Access privileges&&
------------+----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------------------db_plproxy | postgres | UTF8&&&& | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 |
...创建extension，使其支持plproxy语言：/home/postgres@pgtest4$psql -f /postgres/plproxy-2.5/sql/plproxy.sql db_plproxy
CREATE EXTENSION在数据库中创建plpgsql语言：/home/postgres@pgtest4$createlang plpgsql db_plproxy
createlang: language "plpgsql" is already installed in database "db_plproxy"按照软件时默认已经安装，说明不需要再创建了在第三个节点的db_plproxy库中创建模式：c在第三个节点创建plproxy函数（public模式下）：/home/postgres@pgtest4$psql db_plproxy
psql (9.3.1)
Type "help" for help.CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION plproxy.get_cluster_partitions(cluster_name text)
RETURNS SETOF text AS $$
IF cluster_name = 'cluster' THEN
RETURN NEXT 'dbname=db_plproxy host=10.1.1.2';
RETURN NEXT 'dbname=db_plproxy host=10.1.1.11';
RAISE EXCEPTION 'Unknown cluster';
$$ LANGUAGE此函数是为了得到集群的分区CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION plproxy.get_cluster_version(cluster_name text)
RETURNS integer AS
&&& IF cluster_name = 'cluster' THEN
&&&&&&& RETURN 1;
&&& END IF;
&&& RAISE EXCEPTION 'Unknown cluster';
$$ LANGUAGE此函数是为了得到集群版本CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION plproxy.get_cluster_config(IN cluster_name text, OUT key text, OUT val text)
returns setof record as $$
key := 'statement_timeout';
val := 60;
$$此函数是为了得到集群配置，以上三个函数都是plproxy内部调用在plproxy节点创建如下函数：CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ddlexec(query text)
& RETURNS SETOF integer AS
CLUSTER 'cluster';
RUN ON ALL;
& LANGUAGE plproxy VOLATILE
& COST 100
& ROWS 1000;
ALTER FUNCTION ddlexec(text)
& OWNER TOCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dmlexec(query text)& RETURNS SETOF integer AS$BODY$CLUSTER 'cluster';RUN ON ANY;$BODY$& LANGUAGE plproxy VOLATILE& COST 100& ROWS 1000;ALTER FUNCTION dmlexec(text)& OWNER TO& &CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dqlexec(query text)&RETURNS SETOF record AS$BODY$CLUSTER 'cluster';RUN ON ALL;$BODY$& LANGUAGE plproxy VOLATILE& COST 100& ROWS 1000;ALTER FUNCTION dqlexec(text)& OWNER TO& 上面这三个函数是plproxy内部函数，会调用数据节点同名的函数。在两个数据节点的数据库中创建如下函数：&&CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION ddlexec(query text)RETURNS integer AS$BODY$declarebeginreturn 1;$BODY$LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILECOST 100;CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dmlexec(query text)
RETURNS integer AS
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE
COST 100;CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION dqlexec(query text)
RETURNS SETOF record AS
for ret in execute query loop
LANGUAGE 'plpgsql' VOLATILE
ROWS 1000;====================================测试===================================测试：在plproxy节点登陆数据库，并执行如下：/home/postgres@pgtest4$psql db_plproxyselect ddlexec('create table usertable(id integer)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(0)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(1)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(2)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(3)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(4)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(5)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(6)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(7)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(8)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(9)');
select dmlexec('insert into usertable values(10)');节点1数据：db_plproxy=# select *
(8 rows)节点2数据：db_plproxy=# select *
(3 rows)但查询复杂sql时还是比较麻烦的，要把所有返回的列声明其类型，当字段多时也是挺繁琐的，比如：proxy=& select * from dqlexec('select cast(count(userid) as int) as cnt& from user_info ') as (cnt int) ;& cnt&&&--------125001125000(2 rows)proxy=& select * from dqlexec('select * from user_info where userid=5') as (userid& integer, engname text, cnname text , occupation text, birthday& date , signname text , email text , qq& numeric , crt_time timestamp without time zone , mod_time& timestamp without time zone );userid | engname | cnname | occupation |& birthday& | signname | email |&&& qq&&&& |&&&&&&&&& crt_time&&&&&&&&& | mod_time&--------+---------+--------+------------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+----------------------------+----------&&&&& 5 | mcl&&&& | test&& | DBA&&&&&&& |
| test&&&& | test& |
22:59:17.627482 |&(1 row)注意上面的count 那条sql，我本意是想查出两个节点总的数据量，结果返回了两条记录，分别输出各自节点的数据量参考：
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loftPermalink:'',
id:'fks_',
blogTitle:'postgresql分布式方案plproxy使用',
blogAbstract:'本文简单介绍postgresql的分库方案plproxy的安装及使用，实际分库以后再深入学习后更新。本实验使用三个centos6.4虚拟机做服务器，ip分别为10.1.1.2、10.1.1.11、10.1.1.12，其中10.1.1.12位plproxy节点，其他两个为数据节点。1.plproxy的原理（参考德哥的相关文章）：',
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{elseif x.moveFrom=='android'}
{elseif x.moveFrom=='mobile'}
${a.selfIntro|escape}{if great260}${suplement}{/if}
{list a as x}
推荐过这篇日志的人：
{list a as x}
{if !!b&&b.length>0}
他们还推荐了：
{list b as y}
转载记录：
{list d as x}
{list a as x}
{list a as x}
{list a as x}
{list a as x}
{if x_index>4}{break}{/if}
${fn2(x.publishTime,'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss')}
{list a as x}
{if !!(blogDetail.preBlogPermalink)}
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&&&&&&&&${fn1(x.voteTime)}
{if x.userName==''}{/if}
网易公司版权所有&&
{list x.l as y}
{if defined('wl')}
{list wl as x}{/list}数据库-postgresql（1）
PostgreSQL的使用:运行环境,ubuntu,LTS,14.4
在数据库安装完以后呢,首先呢?是怎么登录问题:
su postgres
然后输入密码,比如123456;
这个时候进入了postgres用户权限下,提示如下:
postgres@rjg-K45VD:/home/rjg$
一个psql命令,会得到一个提示如下
psql (9.3.5)
Type “help” for help.
postgres=# 这里就是输入SQL语句的地方,我们输入help来看一下有哪些提示
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
\copyright for distribution terms /这里是版权信息/
\h for help with SQL commands
/\h是SQL的命令语句/
\? for help with psql commands
/\?里面总结了在PostgreSQL中怎么操作数据库的方法/
\g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
/\g和;的意思是相同的,都是终止当前语句的作用,比如你输入一条语句后,后面要加一个;号或者\g/
\q to quit
基本的就介绍完了!下面开始打外围!
首先呢?得连接数据库,PostgreSQL是以psql开头,看看psql有哪些参数
在终端下,输入,psql –help可以查看PostgreSQL的一些基本信息
rjg@rjg-K45VD:~$ psql –help
psql is the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. #psql是PostgreSQL的一个终端
psql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]]
#命令格式,比如 psql -U postgres
General options:
-c, --command=COMMAND
run only single command (SQL or internal) and exit
#输入一天语句就结束
-d, --dbname=DBNAME
database name to connect to (default: "rjg") #连接的数据库的名字
-f, --file=FILENAME
execute commands from file, then exit
#读取文件指定文件的命令,然后关闭,貌似这提供了一个数据库恢复的方法,只要存档这个包含命令的文件,就实际上备份了数据库
-l, --list
list available databases, then exit
#列出可以使用的数据库
-v, --set=, --variable=NAME=VALUE
set psql variable NAME to VALUE
#将psql变量名赋予一个值
-V, --version
output version information, then exit
#输出当前版本信息
-X, --no-psqlrc
do not read startup file (~/.psqlrc)
#不要读取启动文件
-1 ("one"), --single-transaction
execute as a single transaction (if non-interactive) #在没有交互式的环境中简单处理!什么意思?我也没懂!
-?, --help
show this help, then exit
Input and output options:
输入输出选项
-a, --echo-all
echo all input from script
#从脚本中输出所有的输入选项
-e, --echo-queries
echo commands sent to server #输出所有输入服务器的命令
-E, --echo-hidden
display queries that internal commands generate
#展现内部命令产生的查询
-L, --log-file=FILENAME
send session log to file #将会话日志发送到文件
-n, --no-readline
disable enhanced command line editing (readline) #取消命令行编辑
-o, --output=FILENAME
send query results to file (or |pipe)
#将查询结果发送到指定文件
-q, --quiet
run quietly (no messages, only query output) #静悄悄的执行
-s, --single-step
single-step mode (confirm each query)
#一步一步确定化,尤其是对从文件中写入的命令
-S, --single-line
single-line mode (end of line terminates SQL command)
#每一行产生一个中断
Output format options:
-A, --no-align
unaligned table output mode
#没有别名的表的输出模式
-F, --field-separator=STRING
set field separator (default: "|")
-H, --html
HTML table output mode
#HTML的表输出模式
-P, --pset=VAR[=ARG]
set printing option VAR to ARG (see \pset command)
-R, --record-separator=STRING
set record separator (default: newline)
#设置记录分隔符,默认为每一行
-t, --tuples-only
print rows only
#只输出每一行的信息,没有第一行的那个列名提示
-T, --table-attr=TEXT
set HTML table tag attributes (e.g., width, border) #设置HTML标签
-x, --expanded
turn on expanded table output
#打开拓展表的输出
-z, --field-separator-zero
set field separator to zero byte #将区域分割设置为0
-0, --record-separator-zero
set record separator to zero byte
#将记录分割设置为0
Connection options: #连接选项
-h, --host=HOSTNAME
database server host or socket directory (default: "/var/run/postgresql")
-p, --port=PORT
database server port (default: "5432")
-U, --username=USERNAME
database user name (default: "rjg")
-w, --no-password
never prompt for password
#不要提示密码
-W, --password
force password prompt (should happen automatically)
#强制密码提示
For more information, type "\?" (for internal commands) or "\help" (for SQL
commands) from within psql, or consult the psql section in the PostgreSQL documentation.
Report bugs to .
好吧,外围打完了,我们需要补充装备(熟悉PostgreSQL操作数据库的特性)
General #通用
\copyright
show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms
#俗称版权信息
execute query (and send results to file or |pipe)
#执行查询,将结果输入文件,或则,直接执行查询
\gset [PREFIX]
execute query and store results in psql variables
#执行查询,并将结果存在psql变量里面
help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands #帮助文档
\watch [SEC]
execute query every SEC seconds
#每多少秒执行一次查询,(这个很有用啊,不断的显示更新有没有O(∩_∩)O)
Query Buffer
#查询缓冲区
\e [FILE] [LINE]
edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor
#使用外部编辑器,编辑查询或则文件
\ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]]
edit function definition with external editor
#用外部编辑器编辑方法说明
show the contents of the query buffer
#展示查询缓冲区的内容
reset (clear) the query buffer #重置(清除)缓冲区
display history or save it to file #显示历史查询,或则并将结果存在指定文件中
write query buffer to file 将查询缓冲区写进文件
Input/Output
perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host
#在客户端主机显示版权信息
\echo [STRING]
write string to standard output
execute commands from file #从文件中执行命令
as \i, but relative to location of current script
#从相对路径中读取文件中的命令
send all query results to file or |pipe
#将所有的结果发送到指定文件或则管道命令(就是另外一个程序的输入,中间以 | 隔开)
\qecho [STRING]
write string to query output stream (see \o)
#将string写到输出流
Informational
(options: S = show system objects, + = additional detail) #Ｓ表示显示系统对象，+表示附加的详尽信息
list tables, views, and sequences
＃列出，tables,views,sequences
describe table, view, sequence, or index
#描述．table,view,sequence,index
list aggregates
#列出聚集体
list tablespaces
#列出表空间
\dc[S+] [PATTERN]
list conversions
#列出转化关系
list casts #列出casts
show object descriptions not displayed elsewhere
#显示对象的描述
list default privileges
#展现默认的特权
\dD[S+] [PATTERN]
list domains
\det[+] [PATTERN]
list foreign tables
\des[+] [PATTERN]
list foreign servers
#显示外围服务器
\deu[+] [PATTERN]
list user mappings #展现用户映射
\dew[+] [PATTERN]
list foreign-data wrappers #显示外围数据包装
\df[antw][S+] [PATRN]
list [only agg/normal/trigger/window] functions
#显示[only agg/normal/trigger/window]方法
list text search configurations
#列出文本搜索结构
\dFd[+] [PATTERN]
list text search dictionaries
#列出文本搜索字典
\dFp[+] [PATTERN]
list text search parsers
#列出语法分析程序
\dFt[+] [PATTERN]
list text search templates #列出搜索实例
list roles #列出 roles
\di[S+] [PATTERN]
list indexes
list large objects, same as \lo_list
#列出大的对象
\dL[S+] [PATTERN]
list procedural languages #列出 过程语言
\dm[S+] [PATTERN]
list materialized views
#列出实现的视图
\dn[S+] [PATTERN]
list schemas
list operators #列出操作符
\dO[S+] [PATTERN]
list collations
list table, view, and sequence access privileges
\drds [PATRN1 [PATRN2]] list per-database role settings
#列出数据库的先前设置
\ds[S+] [PATTERN]
list sequences #列出序列
\dt[S+] [PATTERN]
list tables
\dT[S+] [PATTERN]
list data types
#列出数据类型
list roles #列出roles
\dv[S+] [PATTERN]
list views #列出views
\dE[S+] [PATTERN]
list foreign tables
list extensions
list event triggers
#列出事件触发器
list databases #列出数据库
\sf[+] FUNCNAME
show a function's definition
#显示方法的描述
same as \dp
Formatting
toggle between unaligned and aligned output mode
#在别名和原名中间转换
\C [STRING]
set table title, or unset if none
#设置表的标题,如果没有就不设置
\f [STRING]
show or set field separator for unaligned query output #为没有别名的查询输出显示或则设置区域分隔符
toggle HTML output mode (currently off)
\pset NAME [VALUE]
set table output option
#设置表的输出选项
(NAME := {format|border|expanded|fieldsep|fieldsep_zero|footer|null|
numericlocale|recordsep|recordsep_zero|tuples_only|title|tableattr|pager})
\t [on|off]
show only rows (currently off)
\T [STRING]
set HTML &table& tag attributes, or unset if none
#设置html标签
\x [on|off|auto]
toggle expanded output (currently off) #切换拓展输出
Connection
\c[onnect] [DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-]
connect to new database (currently "room") #连接新的数据库
\encoding [ENCODING]
show or set client encoding
#显示或则设置客户端编码
\password [USERNAME]
securely change the password for a user
display information about current connection 显示连接信息
Operating System
change the current working directory
#切换工作目录
\setenv NAME [VALUE]
set or unset environment variable
#设置或则删除环境变量
\timing [on|off]
toggle timing of commands (currently off)
#切换时间命令
\! [COMMAND]
execute command in shell or start interactive shell
#在shell中执行命令
\prompt [TEXT] NAME
prompt user to set internal variable
#提示用户设置内部变量
\set [NAME [VALUE]]
set internal variable, or list all if no parameters
#设置内部变量
\unset NAME
unset (delete) internal variable #删除内部变量
Large Objects
\lo_export LOBOID FILE
\lo_import FILE [COMMENT]
\lo_unlink LOBOID
large object operations
好吧,装备补充完了,我们开始打怪!下面是PostgreSQL所有的关键字,这可是一场攻坚战啊!
DEALLOCATE
ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER COLLATION
ALTER CONVERSION
COMMIT PREPARED
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
CREATE AGGREGATE
DROP AGGREGATE
ALTER DOMAIN
CREATE CAST
ALTER EVENT TRIGGER
CREATE COLLATION
DROP COLLATION
ALTER EXTENSION
CREATE CONVERSION
DROP CONVERSION
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE DATABASE
DROP DATABASE
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE DOMAIN
DROP DOMAIN
ALTER FUNCTION
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER
DROP EVENT TRIGGER
ALTER GROUP
CREATE EXTENSION
DROP EXTENSION
PREPARE TRANSACTION
ALTER INDEX
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
REASSIGN OWNED
ALTER LANGUAGE
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
DROP FOREIGN TABLE
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER LARGE OBJECT
CREATE FUNCTION
DROP FUNCTION
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE GROUP
DROP GROUP
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
ALTER OPERATOR
CREATE INDEX
DROP INDEX
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE LANGUAGE
DROP LANGUAGE
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER ROLE
CREATE OPERATOR
DROP OPERATOR
ROLLBACK PREPARED
ALTER RULE
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
ALTER SCHEMA
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER SEQUENCE
CREATE ROLE
DROP OWNED
SECURITY LABEL
ALTER SERVER
CREATE RULE
ALTER TABLE
CREATE SCHEMA
SELECT INTO
ALTER TABLESPACE
CREATE SEQUENCE
DROP SCHEMA
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE SERVER
DROP SEQUENCE
SET CONSTRAINTS
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE TABLE
DROP SERVER
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
CREATE TABLE AS
DROP TABLE
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE TABLESPACE
DROP TABLESPACE
SET TRANSACTION
ALTER TRIGGER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
ALTER TYPE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
START TRANSACTION
ALTER USER
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
ALTER USER MAPPING
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ALTER VIEW
CREATE TRIGGER
DROP TRIGGER
CREATE TYPE
CREATE USER
CHECKPOINT
CREATE USER MAPPING
DROP USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW
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