From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
in various
was called eponymous archon (?π?νυμο? ?ρχων, eponymos archon). Archon (?ρχων, pl. ?ρχοντε?, archontes) means "ruler" or "lord," frequently used as the title of a specific public office, while "eponymous" means that he gave his name to the year in which he held office, much like the Roman .
In , a system of nine concurrent archons evolved, led by three respective remits over the civic, military, and religious affairs of the state: the three office holders were known as the eponymous archon, the
(πολ?μαρχο?, "war ruler"), and the
(?ρχων βασιλε??, "king ruler"). The six others were the , judicial officers. Originally these offices were filled from the wealthier classes by elections every ten years. During this period the eponymous archon was the chief magistrate, the polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the archon basileus was responsible for some civic religious arrangements, and for the supervision of some major trials in the law courts. After 683 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the eponymous archon.
was the chief
in many Greek cities, but in
there was a council of archons which exerted a form of executive government. From the late 8th century BC there were three archons: the archon eponymos, the
(replaced in 501 BC by ten ), and the
(the ceremonial vestige of the ). These positions were filled from the aristocracy (the ) by elections every ten years. During this period Archon Eponymous was the chief magistrate, the Polemarch was the head of the armed forces, and the Archon Basileus was responsible for the civic religious arrangements.
After 508 BC the offices were held for only a single year, and the year was named after the archon eponymous.[] The year ran from July to June. The archon eponymous was the chief archon, and presided over meetings of the
and , the ancient Athenian assemblies. The archon eponymous remained the titular head of state even under the democracy, though with much reduced political importance. Under the reforms of , himself archon eponymous in 594 BC, there was a brief period when the number of archons rose to ten. After 457 BC ex-archons were automatically enrolled as life members of the , though that assembly was no longer extremely important politically.
One of the archons oversaw the procedure for
after 487 BC. An archon's court was in charge of the . Other duties of the archons included supervising the
festivals.
In the following list of Archons, years where the name of the archon is unknown are identified as such. Years listed as "" mean that there was literally "no archon". There are various conflicting reco sources for this list are given at the end. Note that the term of an archon covered two of our years, beginning in the spring or summer and continuing into the next spring or summer. The polemarch or strategoi, basileus, and thesmothetai (the six assistants to the archons) are also listed, where known.
Main article:
The later Athenian tradition varies on the exact p they held archonship for life, sometimes referred to as "Perpetual Archon," and exercised the sacral powers of kingship, as did the
later. The
of any of this ancient list may be reasonably doubted by the layman and capable of different interpretations, but where there may be no doubt as to .
indicates that Medon and Acastus may have ruled as king rather than Archon.
Other notable information
(Μ?δων)
First ruler of
after the .
(?καστο?)
2 destroyed (c. 1120 BC).
993–952 BC
952–922 BC
(Φ?ρβα?)
Troy VIIb3: deserted (c. 950 BC)
922–892 BC
(Μεγακλ??)
892–864 BC
864–845 BC
composes the
and . (c. 850 BC)
845–825 BC
824–797 BC
(Θεσπιε??)
796–778 BC
778–755 BC
(Α?σχ?λο?)
755–753 BC
(?λκμα?ων)
In 753 BC the perpetual archonship by the
(essentially ) was limited to 10 years (the "decennial archons"):
Other notable information
753–743 BC
In , , the first ruler of the city, takes power.
743–733 BC
733–723 BC
footrace introduced at the Olympics. (724 BC)
723–713 BC
Hippomenes
713–703 BC
703–693 BC
writes "" (c. 700 BC).
693–683 BC
added to the Olympics. (688 BC)
colony founded (685 BC).
After 683 BC the archonship was limited to one year. Archons were chosen from the Areopagus council and resided in the .
Eponymous Archon
Other officials or associated events
682–681 BC
Creon is considered by the ancient sources, and most modern authorities, as the first annual archon.
681–680 BC
Mentioned in the .
680–679 BC
(IV.15.1) dates the beginning of the
to his archonship.
679–671 BC
671–670 BC
Leostratus
670–669 BC
669–668 BC
Pisistratus
Pausanias (II.24.7) dates the first
to his archonship.
668–667 BC
Autosthenes
Pausanias (IV.23.4) dates the capture of
and the end of the
to his archonship.
667–664 BC
664–663 BC
663–659 BC
659–658 BC
658–645 BC
Pausanias (VIII.39.3) dates the capture of
by the Spartans to his archonship.
645–644 BC
The Parian Marble associates Dropides with the
the , who developed the music of the .
644–639 BC
639–638 BC
638–634 BC
634–633 BC
Epaenetus (?)
633–632 BC
632–631 BC
attempts to become
631–624 BC
624–623 BC
Aristaechmus
According to the ,
reformed the laws of Athens during the archonship of Aristaechmus.
623–621 BC
Eponymous Archon
Other officials or associated events
621–615 BC
615–614 BC
Heniochides
614–605 BC
605–604 BC
Aristocles
associates the archonship of Aristocles with
becoming king of .
604–600 BC
600–599 BC
The Parian Marble dates the flight of
from Lesbos to
in the archonship of Critias.
599–597 BC
597–596 BC
596–595 BC
595–594 BC
Philombrotus
594–593 BC
593–592 BC
592–591 BC
591–590 BC
590–589 BC
589–588 BC
588–587 BC
587–586 BC
586–585 BC
585–582 BC
reorganised at .
582–581 BC
According to the Athenian Constitution, Damasias held the archonship for two years and nine months before being expelled.
581–580 BC
states that it was during the archonship of Damasias that " was first called wise".
580–579 BC
Committee of 10 men serves jointly as archons
579–578 BC
578–577 BC
577–576 BC
Archestratidas
576–570 BC
570–569 BC
Aristomenes
569–566 BC
566–565 BC
565–561 BC
561–560 BC
The Athenian Constitution dates the usurpation of
as tyrant of Athens to the archonship of Komeas.
560–559 BC
Hegestratus
dates the death of Solon to the archonship of Hegestratus.
559–556 BC
556–555 BC
The Athenian Constitution dates the first expulsion of Peisistratos to the archonship of Hegesias.
555–554 BC
Euthidemus
554–548 BC
548–547 BC
Erxicleides
(X.5.13) dates the destruction by fire of the fourth temple of
to his archonship.
547–546 BC
Pisistratus becomes tyrant again
546–545 BC
545–536 BC
536-535 BC
[...]naios
The Parian Marble dates the first performance of
to the tenure of this archon, whose name is damaged.
535–533 BC
533–532 BC
532–528 BC
528–527 BC
According to the Athenian Constitution, Philoneus was archon when Pisistratus died and his sons
succeeded him as tyrants
527–526 BC
526–525 BC
525–524 BC
Reforms of Cleisthenes.
524–523 BC
Cadoux is uncertain whether this is
son of Kypselos, or
son of Cimon.
523–522 BC
522–521 BC
Pisistratus
Possibly the son of Hippias, archon of 526/5.
521–518 BC
518–517 BC
Hebron (?)
517–511 BC
511–510 BC
Harpactides
The Parian Marble dates the assassination of Hipparchus and the expulsion of the Peistratids from Athens to Harpactides' archonship.
510–509 BC
Scamandrius
509–508 BC
508–507 BC
Cleisthenes competes with Isagoras for archonship, but is expelled by Cleomenes I of Sparta
507–506 BC
506–504 BC
504–503 BC
Acestorides
503–501 BC
501–500 BC
Hermocreon
500–499 BC
Smyrus (?)
499–497 BC
497–496 BC
496–495 BC
Hipparchus
495–494 BC
494–493 BC
Pythocritus
493–492 BC
492–491 BC
491–490 BC
Hybrilides
490–489 BC
Phaenippus
The Parian Marble, Plutarch, and the Athenian Constitution all date the
to the archonship of Phaenippus.
489–488 BC
488–487 BC
487–486 BC
The Athenian Constitution dates the ostracism of
to the archonship of Telesinus.
486–485 BC
485–484 BC
Philocrates
484–483 BC
Leostratus
483–482 BC
482–481 BC
481–480 BC
Hypsichides
According to the Athenian Constitution, Hypsichides was archon when the ostracized of Athens were recalled.
Main article:
Eponymous Archon
Other officials or notable events
480–479 BC
According to , the
began during Calliades' archonship. Aristides and Themistocles are .
479–478 BC
; Aristides is strategos
478–477 BC
Timosthenes
477–476 BC
476–475 BC
475–474 BC
Dromoclides
474–473 BC
Acestorides
473–472 BC
472–471 BC
471–470 BC
Praxiergus
470–469 BC
469–468 BC
468–467 BC
Theagenides
467–466 BC
Lysistratus
466–465 BC
465–464 BC
Sophanes is a strategos
464–463 BC
Archedemides
463–462 BC
Tlepolemus
is a strategos
462–461 BC
According to the Athenian Constitution (ch. 25),
reforms the , and is
461–460 BC
Also spelled Euippos.
460–459 BC
Phrasicles
459–458 BC
Phrynicus, Dicaeogenes and Hippodamas are .
458–457 BC
(11.79); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Bion.
457–456 BC
Mnesitheides
456–455 BC
455–454 BC
Sosistratus
454–453 BC
453–452 BC
Lysicrates
452–451 BC
Chaerephanes
451–450 BC
Anaxicrates and
450–449 BC
Euthydemus
449–448 BC
448–447 BC
ends the Greco-Persian Wars
447–446 BC
Timarchides
Construction of the
446–445 BC
Callimachus
445–444 BC
Lysimachides
Peace between Athens and Sparta.
444–443 BC
Praxiteles
Pericles is a strategos
443–442 BC
Pericles is a strategos
442–441 BC
Pericles is a strategos
441–440 BC
Pericles and
are strategoi
440–439 BC
Morychides
Pericles is a strategos
439–438 BC
Also spelled Glaukidos. Pericles is a strategos
438–437 BC
Pericles is a strategos
437–436 BC
Euthymenes
Pericles is a strategos. Construction of the
436–435 BC
Lysimachus
(12.33); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Nausimachos. Pericles is a strategos
435–434 BC
Antiochides
Also spelled Antilochidos. Pericles is a strategos
434–433 BC
Also spelled Chares. Pericles is a strategos
433–432 BC
Pericles, , , and
are strategoi
432–431 BC
Pythodorus
dates the beginning of the Peloponnesian War to the tenure of this archon.
Pericles and Callias are strategoi.
431–430 BC
Euthydemus
Also spelled Euthydemos. Pericles is a strategos.
430–429 BC
Apollodorus
P Xenophon, Hestiodorus, Calliades, Melesandrus, and Phanomachus are strategoi.
429–428 BC
is a strategos.
428–427 BC
, Asopius, Paches, Cleidippes, and Lysicles are strategoi
427–426 BC
Also spelled Eukleides. Nicias, Charoiades and Procles are strategoi
426–425 BC
Also spelled Euthydemos.
and Hippocrates are strategoi
425–424 BC
Stratocles
, Eurymedon, Pythodorus, and Sophocles are strategoi
424–423 BC
are strategoi
423–422 BC
Also spelled Ameinias. Cleon is a strategos
422–421 BC
Cleon is a strategos
421–420 BC
Construction of the
420–419 BC
Astyphilus
is strategos
419–418 BC
418–417 BC
Laches and
are strategoi
417–416 BC
416–415 BC
Arimnestus
Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus are strategoi
415–414 BC
Also spelled Chabrias. Alcibiades is a strategos
414–413 BC
Lamachus is a strategos
413–412 BC
Eurymedon, Demosthenes, and Nicias are strategoi
412–411 BC
Callias Scambonides
411–410 BC
Mnasilochus (died); Theopompus
Simichus and Aristarchus are strategoi
410–409 BC
Glaucippus
409–408 BC
Anytus is a strategos
408–407 BC
407–406 BC
Alcibiades, Adeimantus, and Aristocrates are strategoi
406–405 BC
Callias Angelides
Archestratus, Thrasylus, Pericles, Lysias, Diomedon, Aristocrates, Erasinides, Protomachus, and Aristogenes are strategoi
405–404 BC
Adeimantus, Eucrates, Philocles, Menandrus, Tydeus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
404–403 BC
Pythodorus
Sparta sets up t Pythodorus not recognized as Eponymous Archon
403–402 BC
Thirty Tyrants expelled, democracy reestablished. Old
was officially abolished in favor of the
of twenty-four letters.
402–401 BC
Also spelled Mikion.
401–400 BC
Xenainetos
Also spelled Exainetos.
400–399 BC
399–398 BC
Aristocrates
398–397 BC
Also spelled Ithykles.
397–396 BC
396–395 BC
395–394 BC
Diophandus
394–393 BC
393–392 BC
Demostratos
Adeimantus is a strategos
392–391 BC
391–390 BC
390–389 BC
Demostratos
and Ergocles are strategoi
389–388 BC
Antipatros
Agyrrhius and Pamphilus are strategoi
388–387 BC
Thrasybulus and Dionysius are strategoi
387–386 BC
386–385 BC
Mystichides
385–384 BC
384–383 BC
Dieitrephes
Also spelled Diotrephes
383–382 BC
Phanostratos
382–381 BC
381–380 BC
Demophilos
380–379 BC
379–378 BC
378–377 BC
Nausinikos
377–376 BC
Also spelled Kallias.
376–375 BC
Charisandrus
Cedon is a strategos.
375–374 BC
Hippodamas
374–373 BC
Socratides
373–372 BC
, Callistratus, , and Timotheus are strategoi
372–371 BC
Alcisthenes
371–370 BC
Phrasicleides
370–369 BC
Dyscinitus
369–368 BC
Lysistratus
368–367 BC
Nausigenes
367–366 BC
366–365 BC
Ciphisodorus
Chabrias is a strategos
365–364 BC
Iphicrates is a strategos
364–363 BC
Timocrates
363–362 BC
Charicleides
Ergophilus and Callisthenes are strategoi
362–361 BC
Leosthenes and Autocles are strategoi.
361–360 BC
Nicophemus
Timomachus is a strategos
360–359 BC
Callimides
Menon, Timotheus, and Cephisodotus are strategoi
359–358 BC
Eucharistus
358–357 BC
Ciphisodotus
357–356 BC
Agathocles
Chabrias is a strategos.
356–355 BC
Iphicrates, Timotheus, and Menestheus are strategoi.
355–354 BC
Callistratus
354–353 BC
353–352 BC
352–351 BC
Aristodemus
351–350 BC
Theogenes is Basileus (possibly)
350–349 BC
Apollodorus
349–348 BC
Callimachus
Hegesileus is a strategos
348–347 BC
Theophilus
347–346 BC
Themistocles
Proxenus is a strategos
346–345 BC
345–344 BC
344–343 BC
is a strategos.
343–342 BC
Pythodotus
342–341 BC
341–340 BC
Nicomachus
340–339 BC
Theophrastus
Phocion is a strategos
339–338 BC
Lysimachides
Phocion is a strategos, and is defeated by
338–337 BC
Chaerondas
Lysicles is a strategos
337–336 BC
Phrynichus
336–335 BC
Pythodelos
Also spelled Pythodoros.
335–334 BC
334–333 BC
333–332 BC
Nicocrates
332–331 BC
Also spelled Nikeratos
331–330 BC
Aristophanes
330–329 BC
Aristophon
329–328 BC
Kephisophon
328–327 BC
Euthicritos
327–326 BC
326–325 BC
325–324 BC
Philocles is a strategos
324–323 BC
Also spelled Agesias
323–322 BC
Kephisodoros
Also spelled Kephisophon. Phocion and
are strategoi.
signals the end of Athenian sea power.
322–321 BC
End of the . Restriction of voting rights and installation of a Macedonian garrison in the Piraeus.
Main article:
Eponymous Archon
Other officials or notable events
321–320 BC
320–319 BC
319–318 BC
Apollodoros
318–317 BC
317–316 BC
installed by the Macedonian regent
as Governor.
316–315 BC
Demokleides
315–314 BC
Praxiboulos
314–313 BC
313–312 BC
Theophrastos
(19.73); other authorities state the eponymous archon for this year was Theodoros.
312–311 BC
311–310 BC
310–309 BC
Hieromnemon
309–308 BC
308–307 BC
Also spelled Charinos.
307–306 BC
Anaxicrates
Demetrius Phalereus is expelled when
captures the city from Cassander.
306–305 BC
305–304 BC
Euxenippus
304–303 BC
303–302 BC
Leostratus
302–301 BC
301–300 BC
300–299 BC
Hegemachus
299–298 BC
298–297 BC
Mnesidemus
297–296 BC
Antiphates
296–295 BC
295–294 BC
Nicostratus
294–293 BC
Olympiodorus
293–292 BC
Olympiodorus
292–291 BC
291–290 BC
Charinos (?)
290–289 BC
Ambrosios (?)
289–288 BC
Ariston (?)
288–287 BC
287–286 BC
286–285 BC
285–284 BC
284–283 BC
283–282 BC
282–281 BC
281–280 BC
280–279 BC
279–278 BC
Anaxicrates
278–277 BC
277–276 BC
Aristonymos
276–275 BC
Philokrates
275–274 BC
274–273 BC
273–272 BC
Glaukippos
272–271 BC
Lysitheides
271–270 BC
Pytharatos
270–269 BC
Sosistratos
269–268 BC
Peithidemos
B Athens declares war on , ruled by .
268–267 BC
267–266 BC
266–265 BC
Nikias (Otryneus)
265–264 BC
264–263 BC
Diognetus is the latest archon mentioned in the Parian Chronicle, therefore that inscription was made during his tenure.
263–262 BC
Antipatros
Athens surrenders to Antigonus Gonatas in the archonship of Antipatros.
262–261 BC
Arrheneides
Antigonus Gonatas imposes a new regime on Athens.
261–260 BC
[...]sinos
260–259 BC
Philostratos
259–258 BC
258–257 BC
257–256 BC
Thymochares
256–255 BC
Antimachos
255–254 BC
Kleomachos
254–253 BC
Phanostratos
253–252 BC
Pheidostratos
252–251 BC
Kallimedes
251–250 BC
Thersilochos
250–249 BC
Polyeuktos
249–248 BC
248–247 BC
247–246 BC
Theophemos
246–245 BC
245–244 BC
244–243 BC
243–242 BC
Eurykleides
242–241 BC
Phanomachos
241–240 BC
240–239 BC
Polystratos
239–238 BC
Athendoros
238–237 BC
237–236 BC
Alkibiades
236–235 BC
235–234 BC
234–233 BC
233–232 BC
232–231 BC
Mneseides (?)
231–230 BC
230–228 BC
228–227 BC
Heliodorus
227–226 BC
226–225 BC
Theophilos
225–224 BC
Ergochares
224–223 BC
223–222 BC
Antiphilus
222–221 BC
221–220 BC
220–219 BC
Thrasyphon
219–218 BC
Menecrates
218–217 BC
Chaerephon
217–216 BC
Kallimachos
216–215 BC
215–214 BC
214–213 BC
begins. (214 BC)
213–212 BC
Euphiletus
212–211 BC
Heracleitus
211–210 BC
210–209 BC
209–208 BC
208–207 BC
207–206 BC
Kallistratos
206–205 BC
205–204 BC
204–203 BC
Apollodorus
203–202 BC
Proxenides
202–201 BC
201–200 BC
200–199 BC
199–198 BC
198–197 BC
197–196 BC
196–195 BC
Pleistainos
195–194 BC
194-193 BC
193–192 BC
Phanarchides
192–191 BC
191–190 BC
190–189 BC
189–188 BC
Euthykritos
188–187 BC
187–186 BC
186–185 BC
185–184 BC
184–183 BC
183–182 BC
Hermogenes
182–181 BC
Timesianax
181–180 BC
180–179 BC
179–178 BC
178–177 BC
177–176 BC
176–175 BC
175–174 BC
174–173 BC
Alexandros
173–172 BC
172–171 BC
171–170 BC
170–169 BC
Aphrodisios
169–168 BC
168–167 BC
167–166 BC
Nicosthenes
166–165 BC
Achaios (?)
165–164 BC
164–163 BC
163–162 BC
162–161 BC
Poseidonius
161–160 BC
160–159 BC
Tychandrus
159–158 BC
Aristaimos
158–157 BC
Aristaechmus
157–156 BC
Anthesterius
156–155 BC
Callistratus
155–154 BC
154–153 BC
153–152 BC
152–151 BC
Andreas (?)
151–150 BC
Zeleucus (?)
150–149 BC
Speusippos (?)
begins (150 BC).
149–148 BC
Lysiades (?)
148–147 BC
147–146 BC
takes control of Greece
Main article:
Eponymous Archon
Other officials or notable events
146–145 BC
Aristophantos (?)
145–144 BC
Metrophanes (?)
144–143 BC
Theaitetos
143–142 BC
Aristophon
142–141 BC
Mikion (?)
141–140 BC
[Dionysios]
140–139 BC
Hagnotheus
139–138 BC
138–137 BC
137–136 BC
Heracleitus
136–135 BC
Timarchides
135–134 BC
134–133 BC
Nicomachus
133–132 BC
132–131 BC
131–130 BC
130–129 BC
Demostratus
129–128 BC
128–127 BC
127–126 BC
Theodorides
126–125 BC
125–124 BC
124–123 BC
Nicias (died); Isigenes
123–122 BC
122–121 BC
121–120 BC
Phocion (?)
120–119 BC
119–118 BC
Hipparchus
118–117 BC
117–116 BC
116–115 BC
115–114 BC
114–113 BC
[...]raton
113–112 BC
112–111 BC
111–110 BC
Sosicrates
110–109 BC
Polycleitus
109–108 BC
108–107 BC
Demochares
107–106 BC
Aristarchos
106–105 BC
Agathokles
105–104 BC
Andronides (?)
104–103 BC
Herakleides
103–102 BC
102–101 BC
Echekrates
101–100 BC
100–99 BC
Theodosius
Heracleitus
[...]kraton
Athens captured by , who reorganizes its government
Philanthes
Hierophantes
Pythocritus
Apollodorus
Aischraios
Herakleodoros
Nicetes (?)
Aristoxenus (?)
Criton (?)
Theoxenus (?)
Medeius (?)
Oinophilos
Theophemus
Aristoxenus
Demochares
Philokrates
Leukios of Rhamnonte
Polycharmos
Euthydomos
Philostratos
Diokles of Melite
Menandros of Steiria
Kallikratides (?)
Asklepiodoros
Theopeithes
Apollogenes (?)
Architemos
Pythagoras
Theophilos
Apolexis ex Oisu
Nikostratos
Anaxagoras
Demochares
Polycharmos
1 BC–AD 1
Demokrates
[...] Sounieus
[...] Sphettios
Charm[...]
Kallikr[...]
Themistocles
Oinophilus
Later king of
Arist[...] (?)
Polykritos (?)
Zen[on] (?)
[...]ouios Leo[...]
Antipatros
Deinophilus
Dionysodoros
Thrasyllus
C. Carrinus Gaius Filius Secundus
Demostratos
Grandson of the last king of
Also Roman Emperor
Q. Trebellius Rufus
Also high priest of the imperial cult for .
Ti. Claudius Hierophantes Kallikratidios
L. Flavius Phlammas
T. Flavius Leosthenes
[...] Oethen
[...]oteionos
Dionysodoros
Filopappos kai Lailianon
Later Roman Emperor
Oktaios Theon
Oktaios Proklos
Phlaouios Makreinos
T. Koponios Maximos
So O Samuels sees two names in the primary source.
Phlaiouios Stratolaos
Kl. Demophilos
Flavius Sophokles
T. Flavius Alkibiades
Son of T. Flavius Leosthenes, archon in 91/2
Kasios Diogenes
Phl. Euphanes
G. Ioulios Kasios
Brother-in-law of Ouiboullios Hipparchos, archon in 118/9
Memmios [...]ros
Kl. Philogenes
Praxagoras
Flavius Alkibiades
Son of T. Flavius Alkibiades, archon in 122/3
Tib. Kl. Attalos
P. Ail. Phileas
P. Ail Alexandros
Nephew of Herodes Atticus, archon in 126/7
Ail. Ardys
Praxagoras
Popillius Theotimus
Ail. Kallikrates
Ti. Aur. Philemon Philades
Ail. Alexandros
P. Ailios Hellen ho kai Pl[...]
Memmios epi bomo
Ail. Gelos
Philisteides
Marcus Valerius Mamertinus Marathonius
Rotoff suggests that the absence of an archon for this year, and two of the following four years, was likely due to the .
Tineius Ponticus Besaieus
Tiberius Memmius Phlaccus Marathonius
Lucius Gellius Xenagoras
Biesius Peison
Flavius Harpalianos
Ar. Epaphroditos
Claudius Heracleides
Aischines (?)
Hegias (?)
Athenodorus Agrippas Iteaius (?)
Claudius Demostratus
Marcus Munatius Maximianus Ouopiscus
Domitius Aristaius Paionides
T. Flavius Sosigenes Palleneus
Philoteimus Arcesidemou Eleousius
C. Fabius Thisbianus Marathonius
Son of Herodes Atticus, archon 126/7
Also Roman Emperor
C. Peinarius Proclus Agnousius
C. Helvidius Secundus
Claudius Dadouchos
Aur. Philisteides
Koint[...]
Flavius Straton
Xenokles (?)
T. Fl. Sosigenes Palleneus (?)
Dionysodoros Eukarpon (?)
Fl. Eiachchagogos Agruleus (?)
Agathokles (?)
Aurolios Dem[...] (?)
Domitios Aristaios Paionides (?)
Gaius Quintus Imertus Marathonius
Gaius Kastios Apollonius Streircus
Fav. Dadouchos Marathonius
Flavius Diogenes Marathonius
Pompeios Alexander (?)
Claudius Fokas Marathonius (?)
Aurelius Dionysius Acharneus
Dometius Arabianus Marathonius
Gaius Quintus Kleon Marathonius
Hiereus An[...]
Tiberius Claudius Patroclus
Le. Dionysodoros
Mounatios Themison
G. Pinarios Bassos
[Maratho]nios Ne(oteros)
M. Oulpios Eubiotas Leuros
Mar. Aur. Kalliphron ho kai Phronteinos
Kasianos Hieroceryx
Phl. Asklepiades
Cassianus Philippus Steirieus
Aur. Laudikianus
Also archon Basileus?
Kornelianos
L. Phla. Philostratos
Also Roman Emperor
Tit. Phl. Mondon
between 300
between 300
Hermogenes
between 425
, reported first head of the Christians of Athens.
(replaced in 501 BC by ten )
At first the chief of the city was only a priest. "The charge of the public sacrifices of the city belongs according to religious custom, not to special priests, but to those men who derive their dignity from the hearth, and who are here called kings, elsewhere , and again archons." (Aristotle, Politics, VIII.5)
Michael Rostovtzeff, Greece, passim.
"The Athenian archons when they entered upon their duties ascended to the Acropolis wearing crowns of myrtles, and offered a sacrifice to the titular, divinity of the town. It was also customary for them to wear crowns of foliage when they exercised their functions. And it is certain that the crown, which became and which still remains the emblem of power, was then only a religious symbol, an exterior sign, which accompanied prayer and sacrifice. Amongst the nine archons, the second archon, the one called the King, was the representative of the high priestly function of the old Kings, but each of his colleagues had some priestly duty to fulfill, some sacrifice to offer to the gods. ("Gustave Ducoudray, The history of ancient civilization: a handbook, 1889 )
Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos By Emmet John Sweeney.
Green, Peter (2009). "Diodorus Siculus on the Third Sacred War". In Marincola, John. . Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World 2. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. p. 364.  .
Fox The Classical World p. 122
Lacey The Family in Ancient Greece p. 139-145
Adkins Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece p. 35-36
Aristotle Constitution of Athens, 3
The son of
was lame, which was why his brother Neileus would not let him rule, but the
oracle bestowed the kingdom upon Medon. For more see , Description of Greece, 7. 2. 1.
Constitution of Athens and Related Texts –
John Blair, Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1844.
John Lemprière, A Classical Dictionary
Pausanias, Description of Greece, Volume 3 – . (cf. "The successors of Codrus were Medon (son of Codrus), Acastus (son of Medon), Archippus (son of Acastus), Thersippus (son of Archippus), Phorbas (son of Thersippus), Megacles (son of Phorbas), Diognetus (son of Megacles), Pherecles (son of Diognetus), Ariphron (son of Pherecles), Thespieus (son of Ariphron), Agamestor (son of Thespieus), Aeschylus (son of Agamestor), Alcmaeon. All these, according to the common tradition, held the archonship for life. After Alcmaeon the tenure of the office was made decennial. The first decennial archon was Charops, the second was Aesimides, and the third was Clidicus. See Eusebius, Chronic. vol. 1. pp. 185–190, ed. Schone.")
Michael Russell, A Connection of Sacred and Profane History,
George Crabb, Universal Historical Dictionary
According to
(of the 1st century BC).
Blair, Chronological and Historical Tables
Herodotus, George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version, Ed. with Copious Notes and Appendices, Illustrating the History and Geography of Herodotus, from the Most Recent Sources of I and Embodying the Chief Results, Historical and Ethnographical, which Have Been Obtained in the Progress of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphical Discovery, Volume 3. Appleton, 1882.
Evelyn Abbott. A Skeleton Outline of Greek History: Chronologically Arranged. .
The Roman Antiquities, Volume 1. By . .
History of Ancient and Modern Greece. By John Frost.
According to
Pausanias's Description of Greece, Volume 3 By .
Henry-Fines Clinton. Fasti Hellenici, the Civil and Literary Chronology of Greece, from the Earliest Accounts to the Death of Augustus. University Press, 1834 ,
Nicolas Lenglet Dufresnoy. Chronological Tables of Universal History: Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical and C from the Creation of the World, to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty-three. With a Preliminary Discourse on the Short Method of Studying H and a Catalogue of Books Necessary for that P with Some Remarks on Them, Volume 1. A. Millar, 1762.
John Blair. Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables: From the Creation to the Present Time, with Additions and Corrections from the Most Authentic Writers, Including the Computation of St. Paul, as Connecting the Period from the Exode to the Temple. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Paternoster Row., 1844.
Blair's Chronological and Historical Tables.
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of archons down to 481/0 BC are taken from T. J. Cadoux, , Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68 (1948), pp. 70-123
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 88
Cadoux notes "We cannot be sure that it was the same man who held the second archonship, nor, if we held that it was, do we know anything of the circumstances under which this happened. Nor, again, do we know if this man or men belonged to the Philaid family." ("Athenian Archons", p. 90)
Cadoux notes this entry is based on a surviving passage of
w Hippys states one Epainetos was king at Athens in the 36th Olympiad. However, this statement is full of mistakes which makes Cadooux suspicious of this passage. ("Athenian Archons", p. 91)
Per one surviving fragment of the Athenian Archon list. Donald W. Bradeen, , Hesperia, 32 (1963), pp. 187-208
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 103
So Cadoux and Alan S Benjamin D. Merrit notes the name could be read "Onetorides". (Merrit, "Greek inscriptions, 14-27", Hesperia, 8 (1939), p 60)
This identification has been questioned by Matthew P. J. Dillon, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 155 (2006), pp. 91-107
Herodotus, Histories, books V and VI
But he adds, "It seems gratuitous to invent a third Miltiades-presumably and there are no solid chronological grounds for rejecting either of the two Philaids." (Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 110)
See Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", pp. 111f
Alan Samuel is doubtful this archon existed, claiming this is based on Eustathius' misunderstanding his source, which provides the date Pindar died, not when he was born. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), p. 204
Cadoux suspects this is a corruption of the archon's real name. ("Athenian Archons", p. 116)
Added from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 205
Nine archons were
by the tribes from 500 nominees chosen by the
and that this was the method in the Archonship of Telesinus. See also the .
Cadoux, "Athenian Archons", p. 119
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 480/79 to 348/7 BC are taken from Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972), pp. 206-210.
"Calliades was archon in Athens, and the Romans made
consuls, and the Eleians celebrated the Seventy-fifth Olympiad, that in which Astylus of Syracuse won the 'stadion.' It was in this year that king Xerxes made his campaign against Greece" (Diodorus, 11.1.2)
Alternative spellings are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 206-210
Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 207
Classical Philology.
The Works of Xenophon: & II and Anabasis. 1890 By .
Thucydides (2.2) states that it began "in the the 48th year of the priestess-ship of Chrysis at Argos, in the ephorate of Aenesias at Sparta, in the last month but two of the archonship of Pythodorus at Athens." Thucydides reports a solar eclipse that summer (2.28), which can be confidently dated to 3 August 431 BC. (E.J. Bickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), p. 87)
Thucydides: Arguments. Peloponnesian War, Book III (cont'd.)-VI By Thucydides.
Sophocles: The Oedipus Coloneus. 3d ed. 1900 By Sophocles, Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb. . (cf. Micon was [the Archon of] 402 B.C., Callias of [the Archon of] 406 B.C. Between them came Alexias (405), Pythodorus (404, the Anarchy), and Eucleides (403).)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 347/6 to 301/0 BC are taken from Benjamin D. Meritt, , Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 26 (1977), pp. 161-191
Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 210
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 300/299 to 228/7 BC are taken from Michael J. Osborne, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 171 (2009), pp. 83-99
The order in which these three archons held their office is not yet clear. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 85 n. 14)
This year is commonly attributed to "Gorgias" based on Plutarch (X Orat. 847D); however, Gorgias may be a corruption of the very rare name "Ourias" archon in 281/0 BC; Gorgias is thus a ghost. (Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 87 n. 21)
Osborne notes that Pytharatos "is one of the very few archons of the 3rd century after the 290s to be securely dated on the basis of Olympiads and literary testimony." "Archons of Athens", p. 88 n. 26
Osborne, "Archons of Athens", p. 90 n. 29
Voula Bardani and Stephen Tracy, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 75-80
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 227/6 to 211/0 BC are taken from Michael Osborne, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 164 (2008), pp. 85-8
Aleshire had placed Hoplon at this year bec however, Osborne's latest revision of the Archon list has removed that gap. For further details, see Aleshire, , Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 253-5
Thrasyphon is commonly dated to 221/0 BC based on a Magnesian inscription that allows his archonship to be dated to the fourth year of Olympiad 139; Osborne has argued that the correlation is not that exact and his archonship could fall in the first year of Olympiad 140. (Osborne, "The Date", pp. 85, 88)
Merrit disagrees, placing Sostratos here and provid Osborne provides no supporting evidence for Aeschron here. Merritt, "Athenian Archons", p. 178
Unless otherwise noted, the archons from 209/8 to 201/0 BC are taken from John S. Traill, , Hesperia, 45 (1976), pp. 296-303
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 201/0 to 160/59 BC are taken from Osborne, "Archons of Athens"
Following the arguments of John S. Traill, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 103 (1994), pp. 109-114
Christian Habicht argues that, based on the floruit of the letter-cutter of inscription did not extend beyond 185 BC, Achaios' archonship occurred earlier and places Epainetos in this year. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 245)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 159/8 to 141/0 BC are taken from Christian Habicht, , Hesperia, 57 (1988), pp. 237-247
Habicht expresses less certainty about the dates of these seven archones. (Habicht, "The Eponymous Archons", p. 246)
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 139/8 to 61/60 BC are taken from Merrit, "Athenian Archons"
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 60/59 to 10/9 BC are taken from Simone Follet, , Revue des ?tudes Grecques, 118 (2005). pp. 1-14.
Samuel adds these three names, as well as the next four, citing IG III2 1713 for their presence in the archon list. (Greek and Roman), p. 226
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 8/7 BC to AD 165/6 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman, pp. 223-237
R. Neubauer, , Hermes, 10 (1876), pp. 145-152
Or eponymous archon in 41/2.
James H. Oliver, , Hesperia: The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Twenty-First Report, 11 (1942), p. 80
Oliver, "Greek Inscriptions", p. 84
Gustav Hirschfeld, , Hermes, 7 (1873), pp. 52-61
Unless otherwise noted, archons from 166/7 to 188/9 are taken from Susan I. Rotoff, , Hesperia, 44 (1975), pp. 402-8
Rotoff, "An Athenian Archon List", p. 408
Or Aischines could be archon for 178/9 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Or Hegias could be archon for 177/8 or 179/80 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Or Athendorus could be archon for 181/2 (Rotoff, "Athenian Archon List", p. 407)
Unless otherwise noted, archons for 189/90 to 484/5 are taken from Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology, pp. 234-7.
Following the order from 197/8 to 204/5 offered by James A. Notopoulos, , Hesperia, 18 (1949), pp. 21f. The chief differences between Notopoulos and Samuels here are that Samuels marks 197/8 as unknown, puts the next three archons in the order Dionysodoros - T. Ph. Sosigenes - Xenokles, then omitting [...]mos takes the other four archons Notopoulos distributes from 200/1-202/3 and compresses them into the years 201/2-202/3. Since Notopoulos considers [...]mos to be the only archon in this period whose date is certain, and Samuels provides no reasoning for removing him, Notopoulos has been followed here.
Notopulos is uncertain of the order of these two archons during these two years ("Studies in the Chronology", pp. 35, 36), while Samuels leans towards the inverted order (Greek and Roman Chronology, p. 235)
After 265, the record is so fragmentary that "Unknown" is not indicated past this point.
So claimed by James H. Oliver, , Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, 30 (1981), 423
Adkins, Lesley and Roy A. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece New York: Oxford University Press 1997
Develin, Robert Athenian officials, 684-321 B.C.. Cambridge: University Press, 2003.
Dinsmoor, William Bell The Archons of Athens in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge,
Dinsmoor, William Bell The Athenian Archon List in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Columbia University Press,
reprint, )
Fox, Robin Lane The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian New York: Basic Books 2006
Athenian Generals: Military Authority in the Classical Period. Koninklijke Brill NV, 1998.
Graindor, Paul Chronologie des archontes athéniens sous l'Empire, Brussels, 1922 (Mémoires de l'Académie de Belgique, 4°, 1921),
Lacey, W. K. The Family in Classical Greece Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1968
Owens, Ron Justice and the Political Reforms of Solon, Eponymous Archon at Athens, 594–593 BC. Australian National University, 2000.
Rostovtzeff, Michael. Greece. 2nd.ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963.
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