为什么说 MySQL Cluster 是 shared-nothing 架构的_百度知道
为什么说 MySQL Cluster 是 shared-nothing 架构的
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出门在外也不愁为什么说 MySQL Cluster 是 shared-nothing 架构的_百度知道
为什么说 MySQL Cluster 是 shared-nothing 架构的
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但是共享同一个存储，每个结点有自己的CPU和内存。也就是说，存储只有一份，share disk的实现更复杂、内存，也不存在谁才是“真正的”分布式数据库的问题，由文件系统本身来保证其可用性。　　share nothing和share disk各有利弊，一般由高端的专门存储设备来完成。一般来说。　　share disk架构下。二者当然都可以实现事务。比较典型的share disk数据库有oracle RAC和DB2 PureScale。mysql cluster的结点之间不共享存储（每个结点有自己的存储）、存储，无法简单地认为谁优谁劣，价格也更昂贵。　　大多数分布式数据库都是share nothing的。　　share nothing架构下，放在单独的分布式文件系统上，所以属于share nothing，每个结点都有自己的CPU。跨结点的数据访问通过结点之间的网络通讯来完成　　share nothing和share disk是两种常见的分布式数据库模型
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出门在外也不愁MySQL :: MySQL Cluster: High Availability
The world's most popular open source database
MySQL Cluster: High Availability
With its distributed, shared-nothing architecture, MySQL Cluster has been carefully designed to deliver 99.999% availability ensuring resilience to failures and the ability to perform scheduled maintenance without downtime.
Protecting against outages:
Synchronous Replication - Data within each data node is synchronously replicated to another data node.
Automatic Failover - MySQL Cluster's heartbeating mechanism instantly detects any failures and automatically fails over, typically within one second, to other nodes in the cluster, without interrupting service to clients.
Self Healing - Failed nodes are able to self-heal by automatically restarting and resynchronizing with other nodes before re-joining the cluster, with complete application transparency
Shared Nothing Architecture, No Single Point of Failure - each node has its own disk and memory, so the risk of a failure caused by shared components such as storage, is eliminated.
Geographical Replication - Geographic replication enables nodes to be mirrored to remote data centers for disaster recovery.
Figure 1: With no single point of failure, MySQL Cluster delivers extreme resilience to failures.
MySQL Cluster also protects against the estimated 30% of downtime resulting from scheduled maintenance activities by allowing on-line operations, including:
On-Line schema updates
On-Line scaling (adding nodes for capacity and performance)
On-Line upgrades and patching of hosts, OS and database
On-Line backup人人文库美如初恋！
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inArpReplyforServerIPSLBHardwareUseUnicastBasedSolutionClusterNetworkABCABCClusterNetworkToVIPToReals15(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID定义集群服务器数据库集群ObjectiveimproveDBlocktimesandenablemoreefficientparallelscansDatabaseClusterExamplesOracle10gRACIBMDB2ParallelSQLServerMySQLClusterStorageApproachesSharedEverythingFSlockingSharedNothingSlicesupdatabaseStandardsbasedInterconnectOptionsEthernet,InfinibandLowLatencyHighB/WMultiprotocolGatewayApplicationServersIBMDB2ParallelOracleRACIPInfrastructureDatabaseClustersonEthernetStorageNetworkServerSwitchFabricIBMDB2ParallelMySQLClusterDatabaseClustersonInfinibandApplicationServers16(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID定义集群服务器高性能计算集群AnimationrenderingSeismologyOilexplorationBiochemistryFinancialanalysisCommonpracticetoleaseHPCenvironmentSpecificApplicationsMasterNodescanbemanyFrontEndCommonFileSystemComputeNodesuptotensofthousandsNAS,SANEthernetNFS,iSCSI,FC,IBGatewayMaybecommoninterface/infrastructureBackendfornodesync/datasharingusingIP/TCPorRDMAprotocolsMPI,uDAPL,SDP,SRPEthernet,InfinibandEthernetImplementationsareverycustomizedandrarelyalikeBackEnd17(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_IDEthernet,Infiniband,Myrinet,Quadrics定义集群服务器高性能计算集群需求和对网络的影响L2adjacencybetweencomputenodesmayberequiredapplicationdependentCommonfilesystemusedbycomputenodesLatencyiscriticaltoperformanceNetworkandsystemstaffusuallydontcommunicateclusteringneedswellWhodetermineswhichserverstoincludeinaclusterSamerackrowWilltherebeanimpactonaccesslayeruplinksMasterNodesPublicPrivateNodeSyncandDateSharingwithMPI/DAPL/SDPGEtoNAS,FCSAN,iSCSIFileSystemAccessLayerAccessLayerComputeNodesAggregationAccessLayer18(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID服务器集群网络设计影响ServerAandserverBcommunicateatlayer2toexchangestate,sessionandotherinformationServers2ormoreinclustermaybeacrossdifferentaccessswitchesextendingVLANsandSpanningTreediameterServertoserverclusterfabricmayrequirehigherb/wuplinksGEC,10GETrunksAggregationServerAServerBVLAN1019(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_IDNICTeaming需求Teaming需要网卡在同一网段上ServersareoftendualconnectedforhighavailabilitypurposesTheNICdriverbundlesmultipleNICcardsasiftheywereasingleinterfaceIfoneNIClosesconnectivitytheredundantNICbecomesactiveandinheritsthesameMACaddressastheprimaryoneTheserverisalwaysreachableatthesameIPaddressThismeansthatbothNICsneedtobelongtothesameBROADCASTdomainsamesubnetOptionalprobes/heatbeatsformonitoringaremulticastbasedNIC1NIC2MAC1MAC2NIC1NIC2MAC1MAC220(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_IDNICTeaming需求数据中心中集成网卡Teaming支持Theaccessswitchesneedtoprovidelayer2adjacencybetweentheNICcardsofserverswithNICteamingconfiguredalayer2pathmustexistbetweensuchserversL3LinksRapidPVST,orPVSTOSPF,EIGRPAggregationAccessAccessAggregationLayer2Layer321(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID主机连接需求IP地址和主机MainframescanbeusedtoconsolidateserverfarmsbyrunningLinuxonseveralLogicalPartitionsLPARsIBMvirtualstorageconceptEachLPARhasoneIPaddresspernetworkcardandastaticVIPAMainframeswithOSAcardscanattachtoEthernetportsMainframesuseOSPForRIPtoadvertisetheinternalIPaddressLPAR1MainframeLPAR2LPAR3IP110.0.3.110.0.3.210.0.3.3VIPAVIPAVIPAOSPFOSPFOSACardIP222(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID主机连接需求3层的OSPF连接MainframeswithOSAcardsattachtoEthernetportsaggregationoraccessswitchesMainframesrunOSPFLayer3linksprovidefastconvergencetimesMainframescanbeattachedtoa75xx/72xxrouterwithESCONconnectionsMainframe1Mainframe2Mainframe3ESCONDirectorMainframe4Mainframe5DCCoreEnterpriseCoreAggregation23(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID刀片服务器需求连接选择UsingPassThroughModulesUsingIntegratedEthernetSwitchesBladeServerChassisBladeServerChassisAggregationLayerExternalL2SwitchesIntegratedL2SwitchesInterface1Interface2接入层网络设计模式24(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.DC_(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式DefiningLayer2AccessLayer2accessprovideslayer2adjacencybetweenserversintheaccessswitchesItDOESNTmeancarryingallVLANsunnecessarilyacrossallaccessswitchesL3processingisfirstperformedintheaggregationlayerL2topologiesconsistoflooped,loopfree,andhubandspokeLayer2Using802.1qTrunksLayer3AggregationDCCore26(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式环路设计VLANsareextendedbetweenaggregationswitches,creatingtheloopedtopologySpanningTreeisusedtopreventactualloopsRapidPVST,MSTRedundantpathexiststhroughaseconduplinkthatisblockingThebackuplinkgoesforwardingwhentheprimarylinkislostPrimaryRootPrimaryHSRPSecondaryRootSecondaryHSRPFFFFFBFFBFBBFFFF.1QTrunkFFFF27(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_IDServiceslikefirewallandloadbalancingcanbedeployedattheaggregationlayerandsharedacrossmultipleaccesslayerswitchesVLANsareprimarilycontainedbetweenpairsofaccessswitchesAVLANmaybeprovisionedonadifferentaccessswitchifadministrativereasonsrequirethisNICteamingandclusteringcanbesupportedacrossaccesslayermodulesCABINET1CABINET2DCCore.1QTrunkServer1Server2Server3Server4Server52层接入设计模式环路设计28(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式环路设计的缺点MaindrawbackifaloopoccursthenetworkmaybecomeunmanageableduetotheinfinitereplicationofframesNewfeaturesplusbestpracticesimprovestabilityandpreventloopconditionsUDLDLoopguardRootguardBPDUguard3/23/23/13/1Switch1Switch2DSTMAC44DSTMAC0.333329(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式无环路设计EachpairofaccessswitchesareassignedasetofVLANsspecifictothatpairNoVLANsaretrunkedbetweenaggregationswitchesSpanningTreeisenabledbutnoportisblockingAlllinksareforwardingNICteamingandclusteringcanbesupportedwithinaccesslayermodules10.10.20.0VLAN10Layer3LinkVLAN.0Gateway10.10.10.1VLAN10Gateway10.10.20.1VLAN20DCCore30(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式无环路设计和AutostateIftheuplinkconnectingaccessandaggregationgoesdown,theVLANinterfaceontheMSFCgoesdownaswellautostate,i.e.whenthereisnoportforwardingonagivenVLAN,theVLANinterfaceontheRPgoesdownTherecanbeservicemoduleimplicationsasstateisnotconveyedSeenewtrackingfeaturesforCSMandFWSMLayer3LinkVLAN10VLANInterface10IP10.20.10.1GoesDownHSRPSecondaryonAgg2TakesoverasDefaultGatewayMSFCAgg1Agg231(C)2005CiscoSystems,Inc.Allrightsreserved.CiscoConfidentialSessionNumberPresentation_ID2层接入设计模式无环路设计缺点Ifthetrunkbetweenaccessswitchpairsisbroken,thereturnIPpathmaybebrokenVLANsmustberestrictedtoaccessswitchpairsIfVLANsareextendedbetweenaccesslayermodulesthenSTPblockingwilloccur10.10.20.0VLAN10Layer3LinkVLAN.0Gateway10.10.10.1VLAN10Gateway10.10.20.1VLAN20DCCore
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