对“wifi对精子有害”的辟谣会不会被反辟谣？ | 谣言粉碎机小组 | 果壳网 科技有意思
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微博那边看到有人说央视被果壳和松鼠带坏了，wifi伤害精子并不是空穴来风，证据如下还能不能愉快地蹭网了？来自
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引用 的话：前面说了，这两篇文章证明不了wifi真能让人不孕不育，只能说有继续研究的价值。但由此联想到转基因，真心要打个问号。我没有联想到转基因啊，就是说我之前就预感wifi对人体可能有影响就移到客厅了，信号屋里也能收到，就是没有原来强。这文章里不是也说了，长期接触可能导致精子出现问题么，所以为了对自己和下一代负责，对科学产品保持一种谨慎态度，感觉更好一些。
你蹭不蹭网，wifi都在那里，关你蛋事？
引用 的话：对这类谣言 我只想说 有本事你不用Wifi啊╮（￣▽￣）╭ 真有需求的话辟谣什么的都是小事这和“wifi是否对精子有害”这个问题似无关系；而且有那么多文献了，还用“谣言”这个词，合适么？
刊物的影响因子咋样？
类似的文章挺多啊，看了几篇摘要，发现暴露在wifi时间短的（1-2h/d，6days/week，持续数周）都没有明显区别，但暴露时间长的（24h/day,7days/week,持续20周）就有一些统计意义区别了。
你蹭不蹭网，wifi都在那里，关你蛋事？
引用 的话：你蹭不蹭网，wifi都在那里，关你蛋事？可以穿传说中的铁裤衩，屁股上再拖根接地线……来自
那在造人的时候要把WIFI关了！呵呵
引用 的话：那在造人的时候要把WIFI关了！呵呵这样没有用，几篇论文证实只有长期暴露在wifi环境中，才可能对精子影响。
引用 的话：这样没有用，几篇论文证实只有长期暴露在wifi环境中，才可能对精子影响。现在手机到什么地方都能搜到wifi了！！岂不是很多人都很难造人？
引用 的话：现在手机到什么地方都能搜到wifi了！！岂不是很多人都很难造人？根据那几篇论文来看，会有一点影响。
打不开链接不予置评。我就知道，通信类员工基本每工作日都处于十分复杂的电磁环境下——也没听说不孕不育。有影响或许是有（或者说真的有），但是这个影响有多大就不清楚了。和你平时的某些生活习惯比起来这个影响是否明显，这就是另一个问题了。就像担心XX致癌前，先担心二手烟和街边烧烤要有意义得多……另，看新闻美国曾经打算搞全国免费WIFI——这一定是我们的同志提出来的……
引用 的话：不开链接不予置评。我就知道，通信类员工基本每工作日都处于十分复杂的电磁环境下——也没听说不孕不育。有影响或许是有（或者说真的有），但是这个影响有多大就不清楚了。和你平时的某些生活习惯比起来这个影响是...不，谷歌的气球计划才是阴险毒辣，漂在天上不停的射啊来自
引用 的话：不，谷歌的气球计划才是阴险毒辣，漂在天上不停的射啊不否认wifi信号可能会有影响，当然因为我打不开链接所以不敢说。但是至少把wifi妖魔化是逗我吧，是逗我吧……
引用 的话：打不开链接不予置评。我就知道，通信类员工基本每工作日都处于十分复杂的电磁环境下——也没听说不孕不育。有影响或许是有（或者说真的有），但是这个影响有多大就不清楚了。和你平时的某些生活习惯比起来这个影响是...搬运工=========
Abstract OBJECTIVE:To investigate effects on rat testes of radiofrequency radiation emitted from indoor Wi-Fi Internet access devices using 802.11.g wireless standards.METHODS:Ten Wistar albino male rats were divided into experimental and control groups, with five rats per group. Standard wireless gateways communicating at 2.437 GHz were used as radiofrequency wave sources. The experimental group was exposed to radiofrequency energy for 24 h a day for 20 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study. Intracardiac blood was sampled for serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. Testes were removed and examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Testis tissues were analyzed for malondialdehyde levels and prooxidant-antioxidant enzyme activities.RESULTS:We observed significant increases in serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels and 8-hydroxyguanosine staining in the testes of the experimental group indicating DNA damage due to exposure (p & 0.05). We also found decreased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity in the experimental group, which may have been due to radiofrequency effects on enzyme activity (p & 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:These findings raise questions about the safety of radiofrequency exposure from Wi-Fi Internet access devices for growing organisms of reproductive age, with a potential effect on both fertility and the integrity of germ cells.
Introduction
It is impossible to imagine a modern socially–active man who does not use mobile devices and/or computers with Wi–Fi function. The effect of mobile phone radiation on male fertility is the subject of recent interest and investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct in vitro influence of mobile phone radiation on sperm DNA fragmentation and motility parameters in healthy subjects with normozoospermia.Material and methods 32 healthy men with normal semen parameters were selected for the study.Each sperm sample was divided into two equal portions (A and B). Portions A of all involved men were placed for 5 hours in a thermostat, and portions B were placed into a second thermostat for the same period of time, where a mobile phone in standby/talk mode was placed. After 5 hours of incubation the sperm samples from both thermostats were re–evaluated regarding basic motility parameters. The presence of DNA fragmentation in both A and B portions of each sample was determined each hour using a standard sperm chromatin dispersion test.Results The number of spermatozoa with progressive movement in the group, influenced by electromagnetic radiation, is statistically lower than the number of spermatozoa with progressive movement in the group under no effect of the mobile phone. The number of non–progressive movement spermatozoa was significantly higher in the group, which was influenced by cell phone radiation. The DNA fragmentation was also significantly higher in this group.Conclusions A correlation exists between mobile phone radiation exposure, DNA–fragmentation level and decreased sperm motility.
Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions.Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) system on testes. The study was carried out on 16 Wistar Albino adult male rats by dividing them into two groups such as sham (n: 8) and exposure (n: 8). Rats in the exposure group were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR radiation for 24 h/d during 12 months (1 year). The same procedure was applied to the rats in the sham control group except the Wi-Fi system was turned off. Immediately after the last exposure, rats were sacrificed and reproductive organs were removed. Motility (%), concentration (×10(6)/mL), tail defects (%), head defects (%) and total morphologic defects (%) of sperms and weight of testes (g), left epididymis (g), prostate (g), seminal vesicles (g) were determined. Seminiferous tubules diameter (μm) and tunica albuginea thickness (μm) were also measured. However, the results were evaluated by using Johnsen's score. Head defects increased in the exposure group (p & 0.05) while weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules diameter and tunica albuginea thickness were decreased in the exposure group (p & 0.01, p & 0.001, p & 0.0001). However, other alterations of other parameters were not found significant (p & 0.05). In conclusion, we observed that long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz RF emitted from Wi-Fi (2420 μW/kg, 1 g average) affects some of the reproductive parameters of male rats. We suggest Wi-Fi users to avoid long-term exposure of RF emissions from Wi-Fi equipment.
这篇是另外的观点，但暴露时间短。Rat fertility and embryo fetal development: influence of exposure to the Wi-Fi signal.1, , , , , , , , , , ,, .
Abstract In recent decades, concern has been growing about decreasing fecundity and fertility in the human population. Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF), especially radiofrequency (RF) fields used in wireless communications has been suggested as a potential risk factor. For the first time, we evaluated the effects of exposure to the 2450MHz Wi-Fi signal (1h/day, 6days/week) on the reproductive system of male and female Wistar rats, pre-exposed to Wi-Fi during sexual maturation. Exposure lasted 3 weeks (males) or 2 weeks (females), then animals were mated and couples exposed for 3 more weeks. On the day before delivery, the fetuses were observed for lethality, abnormalities, and clinical signs. In our experiment, no deleterious effects of Wi-Fi exposure on rat male and female reproductive organs and fertility were observed for 1h per days. No macroscopic abnormalities in fetuses were noted, even at the critical level of 4W/kg.
这个是讲手机的，但0.9w/kg的吸收率不知道是不是太高了点……Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats.1, , .
Abstract The present study investigates the effect of free radical formation due to mobile phone exposure and effect on fertility pattern in 70-day-old male Wistar rats (sham exposed and exposed). Exposure took place in Plexiglas cages for 2 h a day for 35 days to mobile phone frequency. The specific absorption rate was estimated to be 0.9 W/kg. An analysis of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (P & 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (P & 0.007) showed a decrease, while an increase in catalase (P & 0.005) was observed. Malondialdehyde (P & 0.003) showed an increase and histone kinase (P = 0.006) showed a significant decrease in the exposed group. Micronuclei also show a significant decrease (P & 0.002) in the exposed group. A significant change in sperm cell cycle of G(0)-G(1) (P = 0.042) and G(2)/M (P = 0.022) were recorded. Generation of free radicals was recorded to be significantly increased (P = 0.035). Our findings on antioxidant, malondialdehyde, histone kinase, micronuclei, and sperm cell cycle are clear indications of an infertility pattern, initiated due to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species. It is concluded that radiofrequency electromagnetic wave from commercially available cell phones might affect the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa.
有点意思。哪位大学在校的能下载个全文看看研究方式和数据处理过程吗？光从摘要看好像结论还蛮明显的。
我只知道如果全民都无法再暴露在WIFI环境下的话，其危害远远不是精子问题可比的。
MATERIAL AND METHODS 32 healthy middle–aged men (27.5 ±3.5 years old) with normal semen parameters (normozoospermia) were selected to study the direct influence of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality in vitro. The participants involved were chosen among normozoospermic men from childless couples with proved female infertility who were consulted at our clinics. All of them have given signed informed consent for permission to participate in the study. Wi–Fi laptop users were not included in the study a priori. Men were instructed to avoid pocket bearing of mobile phones for a 2 month period before examination. After 3–4 days of sexual abstinence, the semen samples were obtained by masturbation. Each sperm sample was diluted with isotonic solution at a temperature of 37о C in a 1:1 ratio to prevent sperm– the samples were then placed in an incubator for one hour. The calculation of key semen parameters was conducted after this period. Immediately thereafter, each sperm sample was divided into two equal portions (A and B). Portions A of all involved men were placed for 5 hours in a thermostat, and portions B were placed in a second thermostat for the same period of time, where an enabled mobile phone in combined standby/talk mode was placed. The device was located 5 cm from the samples and was turned on in radiation frequency range 900/1800 MHz (GSM standard). For authenticity of the experiment a call was carried out on the phone every 10 minutes, to imitate the transmission mode ”talk“.
After 5 hours of incubation at a temperature of 27o C, the sperm samples from both thermostats were re– evaluated with respect to the basic semen parameters. Sperm vitality and motility were evaluated according to the specifications of the World Health Organization. which classifies sperm movement accordingly as progressively motile, nonprogressively motile and immotile [4]. The sperm portions for evaluation of DNA damage were obtained from previously prepared and divided samples. A presence of DNA fragmentation in both A and B portions of each sample was determined every hour using the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test with specific DNA breakage kit, which allows the detection of DNA breaks in lysed sperm nuclei. This test could be considered as simple, fast, versatile and reliable procedure to determine the frequency of sperm cells with fragmented DNA. Diagnostic procedure was performed as described before by Fernández JL et al. [5, 6]. Intact unfixed spermatozoa were immersed in an inert agarose microgel on a pretreated slide. An initial acid treatment denatures DNA in those sperm cells with fragmented DNA. Following this, the lysing solution removes most of the nuclear proteins, and in the absence of massive DNA breakage produces nucleotides with large halos of spreading DNA loops emerging from a central core. However, the nucleotides from spermatozoa with fragmented DNA either do not show a dispersion halo or the halo is minimal. We used “Halosperm(R)” in vitro diagnostic kit by Halotech Dna, SL that allows the measurement of sperm DNA fragmentation quickly, easily and without the need of complex laboratory equipment. After sample processing with Halosperm(R), the slides were stained with DIFF– QUICK(R)/Panoptic stain. Spermatozoa without fragmentation were marked by dispersion halo, those with Figure 1. Spermatozoa with (2) and without (1) DNA fragmentation. Table 1. Basic semen parameters before incubation SEMEN PARAMETER mean value ±SD Volume (mL) 3.1 ±1.2 Concentration (x106 /mL) 95.0 ±25.3 Vitality (%) 91.4 ±3.5 Progressive motility (%) 86.3 ±7.6 Non– progressive motility (%) 10.2 ±3.4 Immotility (%) 6.1 ±2.8 Normal morphology (%) 9.5 ±3.1 SDF index (%) 3.3 ±1.2 Dead sperm (%) 8.6 ±3.5 Central European Journal of Urology 67 DNA strand breaks were without halo. After checking the sample with a bright field microscope, we classified sperm cells as follows (Figure 1).
RESULTS Basic semen parameters before incubation are presented in Table 1. Sperm count in groups A&B during 5 hours did not change in general and was not statistically different from each other: 92.3 ±22.7 x 106 / mL vs 90.8 ±24.2 x 106 /mL respectively. Furthermore, the number of dead sperm in both study groups after 5 hours of incubation was not statistically different (9.1% ±3.7% vs. 9.6% ±4.1%; p &0.05) (Figure 2). However, the number of spermatozoa with progressive movement in group B, under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, is statistically lower than the number of spermatozoa with progressive movement in group A with no effect of a mobile phone (66.5% ±6.3% vs 81.3% ±7.2%, p &0.05) (Figure 3).
引用 的话：我只知道如果全民都无法再暴露在WIFI环境下的话，其危害远远不是精子问题可比的。这就是对科学问题和社会问题的选择了。
暴露时间短的实验，论文结论都是没有影响。In situ expression of heat-shock proteins and 3-nitrotyrosine in brains of young rats exposed to a WiFisignal in utero and in early life.1, , , , , , , , , .
Abstract The bioeffects of exposure to Wireless High-Fidelity (WiFi) signals on the developing nervous systems of young rodents was investigated by assessing the in vivo and in situ expression levels of three stress markers: 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT), an oxidative stress marker and two heat-shock proteins (Hsp25 and Hsp70). These biomarkers were measured in the brains of young rats exposed to a 2450 MHz WiFi signal by immunohistochemistry. Pregnant rats were first exposed or sham exposed to WiFi from day 6 to day 21 of gestation. In addition three newborns per litter were further exposed up to 5 weeks old. Daily 2-h exposures were performed blind in a reverberation chamber and whole-body specific absorption rate levels were 0, 0.08, 0.4 and 4 W/kg. 3-NT and stress protein expression was assayed in different areas of the hippocampus and cortex. No significant difference was observed among exposed and sham-exposed groups. These results suggest that repeated exposure to WiFi during gestation and early life has no deleterious effects on the brains of young rats.
引用 的话：暴露时间短的实验，论文结论都是没有影响。In situ expression of heat-shock proteins and 3-nitrotyrosine in brains of young...又一个低剂量效应（通常需要长时间作用）的实例…然而并没有什么卵用，科普小将们才不管这些呢！
引用 的话： It is impossible to imagine a modern socia...靠，都拿人做验证了，我要众筹防辐射内裤项目！
严谨一点说，影响精子质量和导致不孕不育之间还是有巨大差别的。所以这些文章的结果可以参考，但不能直接得出结论。如果有这么一个村庄，村东几年前就覆盖了Wi-Fi还一天到晚开着，村西没有，几年后调查两个区域内不孕不育案例，或者先天疾病的发生率，如果有显著差异，那就真的要小心了。
引用 的话：靠，都拿人做验证了，我要众筹防辐射内裤项目！可惜我已经用不到了，神支～哈哈
引用 的话：可惜我已经用不到了，神支～哈哈你贵庚啊都有孩子了→_→
引用 的话：又一个低剂量效应（通常需要长时间作用）的实例…然而并没有什么卵用，科普小将们才不管这些呢！这几篇论文的暴露时间都是1-2小时/天，实验天数也不多，比人每天实际的接触时间少多了，不由得想起了转基因实验……
引用 的话：你贵庚啊都有孩子了→_→孩子都打了好几年酱油了……哭
引用 的话：孩子都打了好几年酱油了……哭不对啊，去年我的帖子里你还口口声声只说是女朋友，这会孩子都打酱油了，感情是未婚先孕啊→_→
引用 的话：不对啊，去年我的帖子里你还口口声声只说是女朋友，这会孩子都打酱油了，感情是未婚先孕啊→_→呃，这个问题比较复杂……
引用 的话：靠，都拿人做验证了，我要众筹防辐射内裤项目！我记得在CNBETA上看到报道有人在做。
所以靠谱的做法是，不要对自己不懂得东西乱发表意见，尊重知识，尊重权威。有些人靠着自己的一点高中物理知识就到处教育别人，本质是好为人师，获取虚幻的优越感。
引用 的话：这几篇论文的暴露时间都是1-2小时/天，实验天数也不多，比人每天实际的接触时间少多了，不由得想起了转基因实验……方舟子那些人认为其科学的依据，无非是获得权威认可，符合现行安全标准，获得主流科学家支持。但是标准本身也是在变的，面对不同对象要求也不同。最牛的文章，往往都是提出新的方法，建立新的标准，这才是进步。
引用 的话：靠，都拿人做验证了，我要众筹防辐射内裤项目！那篇论文说如果想要孩子最好别把手机放裤兜里。
引用 的话：呃，这个问题比较复杂……哇，难道是…你牛啊！
引用 的话：所以靠谱的做法是，不要对自己不懂得东西乱发表意见，尊重知识，尊重权威。有些人靠着自己的一点高中物理知识就到处教育别人，本质是好为人师，获取虚幻的优越感。那学了高中生物就出来口口声声挺转黑中医又是什么鬼？
引用 的话：那篇论文说如果想要孩子最好别把手机放裤兜里。其实吧，动物实验中不孕不育的个体活得更久更好…
引用 的话：哇，难道是…你牛啊！→_→不晓得省略号是啥……今天天气不错哈
引用 的话：其实吧，动物实验中不孕不育的个体活得更久更好…太监长寿。
引用 的话：→_→不晓得省略号是啥……今天天气不错哈楼歪了不好，我就不八卦了。言归正传哈
引用 的话：太监长寿。嗯，这是真的，有文章调查了韩国的文献，太监确实活得更久一点。
引用 的话：嗯，这是真的，有文章调查了韩国的文献，太监确实活得更久一点。不止是活的久，活的还好些，那些猪啊羊的，阉了之后吃嘛嘛香，身体倍棒。
引用 的话：搬运工========= Abstract OBJECTIVE:To investigate effect... 谢谢，上午单位电脑抽风，一看你这个回复就死机……
请正确使用空穴来风这个词，强迫症不能忍
引用 的话：不止是活的久，活的还好些，那些猪啊羊的，阉了之后吃嘛嘛香，身体倍棒。动物活得好不好容易判断，人怎么判断？动物实验不但有life span,还有health span，人就难说了，太监幸福不幸福不知道，但肯定不性福…→_→
引用 的话：动物活得好不好容易判断，人怎么判断？动物实验不但有life span,还有health span，人就难说了，太监幸福不幸福不知道，但肯定不性福…→_→嘿嘿，人家没体验过，肯定也不馋。
引用 的话：嘿嘿，人家没体验过，肯定也不馋。子非鱼…
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WiFi状态下关闭数据连接
　　从目前已经公布的情况看，究竟是合约手机偷流量还是用户使用问题造成的流量损失，尚不能得出明确的结论。在有的情况下还要关闭，这不是多此一举吗？ ”很多用户都有着这样的看法，实际上，这正是一些用户的使用盲区。
　　手机技术人士介绍，虽然在连接状态下手机会默认不使用3G流量，但这并不意味着有网络时就完全不会产生3G流量。
　　据了解，在状态下，仍有几种情况可能导致手机使用3G网络：一是网络不稳定，在掉线而用户没有察觉的情况下，会产生3G流量；二是有的手机在不使用或锁屏时，会断开与网络的连接，这时一些后台应用在进行时会使用到3G网络；三是一些手机会有网络加速功能，即在网络下，为使用户达到最快的使用速度，仍然会使用3G网络对网速进行补充，这时就需要用户阅读说明书，关闭相关的功能;四是一些手机应用可能会在后台运行使用3G流量。 “总之在环境下手动关闭并非多此一举，相反是防止手机流量意外损失非常有效的办法。”该手机技术人士说。 □夏陶
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