Felleman, D. J. & Van Essen, V. C. Distributed hierarchical...
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1(1):1-47 with 661 ReadsDOI: 10.1093/cercor/1.1.1 · Source: 33.22University of Texas Medical SchoolAbstractIn recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity patterns, and (3) the application of these data to the analysis of hierarchical organization of the cerebral cortex. Our analysis concentrates on the visual system, which includes 25 neocortical areas that are predominantly or exclusively visual in function, plus an additional 7 areas that we regard as visual-association areas on the basis of their extensive visual inputs. A total of 305 connections among these 32 visual and visual-association areas have been reported. This represents 31% of the possible number of pathways if each area were connected with all others. The actual degree of connectivity is likely to be closer to 40%. The great majority of pathways involve reciprocal connections between areas. There are also extensive connections with cortical areas outside the visual system proper, including the somatosensory cortex, as well as neocortical, transitional, and archicortical regions in the temporal and frontal lobes. In the somatosensory/motor system, there are 62 identified pathways linking 13 cortical areas, suggesting an overall connectivity of about 40%. Based on the laminar patterns of connections between areas, we propose a hierarchy of visual areas and of somatosensory/motor areas that is more comprehensive than those suggested in other recent studies. The current version of the visual hierarchy includes 10 levels of cortical processing. Altogether, it contains 14 levels if one includes the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus at the bottom as well as the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus at the top. Within this hierarchy, there are multiple, intertwined processing streams, which, at a low level, are related to the compartmental organization of areas V1 and V2 and, at a high level, are related to the distinction between processing centers in the temporal and parietal lobes. However, there are some pathways and relationships (about 10% of the total) whose descriptions do not fit cleanly into this hierarchical scheme for one reason or another. In most instances, though, it is unclear whether these represent genuine exceptions to a strict hierarchy rather than inaccuracies or uncertainities in the reported assignment.Do you want to read the rest of this article?Request full-text
ChapterFeb 2018ArticleFull-text availableFeb 2018ArticleFull-text availableJan 2018ArticleFull-text availableJan 2018ArticleJan 2018ChapterJan 2018ArticleFull-text availableDec 2017ArticleFull-text availableDec 2017ArticleFull-text availableOct 2017ArticleFull-text availableOct 2017Show moreArticleJanuary 1991 · In recent years, many new cortical areas have been identified in the macaque monkey. The number of identified connections between areas has increased even more dramatically. We report here on (1) a summary of the layout of cortical areas associated with vision and with other modalities, (2) a computerized database for storing and representing large amounts of information on connectivity... [Show full abstract]ChapterDecember 2009Visual cortex in macaque monkeys consists of a large number of subdivisions extending from occipital cortex into the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. These subdivisions vary in the amount and type of information used in their identification, and thus they vary in the certainty that they represent functionally distinct cortical areas. Traditionally, cortical areas have been defined using... [Show full abstract]ArticleMarch 1996 · D. C. Van Essen and D. J. Felleman [comment][1] on the analysis of Hilgetag et al. In addition, Hilgetag et al. have a brief [rejoinder.][1] [Further commentary][1] by D. J. Felleman and D. C. Van Essen can be found in the [Enhanced Perspective.][1]
[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.271. ArticleMay 1987 · Receptive field properties of 147 neurons histologically verified to be located in area V3 were investigated during semichronic recording from paralyzed anesthetized macaque monkeys. Quantitative analyses were made of neuron selectivities for direction, orientation, speed, binocular disparity, and color. The majority of neurons in V3 (76%) were strongly o 40% demonstrated... [Show full abstract]Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.This publication is from a journal that may support self archiving.Last Updated: 21 Dec 17“诚信”日语怎么写www.cx198.net131.488.999.48_百度知道
“诚信”日语怎么写www.cx198.net131.488.999.48
“诚信”日语怎么写“诚信”日语怎么写
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“诚信”日语是用：信頼（しんらい）。
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我们会通过消息、邮箱等方式尽快将举报结果通知您。是“应付工资”还是“预付工资”?--《财会月刊》1988年03期
是“应付工资”还是“预付工资”?
【摘要】：正 工业企业发放全月工资后,进行会计处理时,借(减)记“应付工资”。月终结算时,贷(增)记“应付工资”。“应付工资”科目余额如在借(减)方,表示企业多付给职工的工资,余额如在贷(增)方,表示企业少付给职工的工资。实际上,当职工没有参加生产时,就预付给了他们的工资。从企业的角度来说,企业应是债权人。而“应付工资”科目名称上却反映了企业是债务人,职工倒成了债权入。职工没有参加劳动,怎么能“应付”给“工资”呢?这显然不符合社会主义按劳分配原则。因此,我建议将“应付工资”改力“预付工资”。好处是: 第一,体现了社会主义制度的优越性。通过“预付工资”的设置,反映了国家和企业对职工的关怀照顾。第二,理顺了
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400-819-9993为什么说女人是水做的www.cx198.net131.488.999.48_百度知道
为什么说女人是水做的www.cx198.net131.488.999.48
为什么说女人是水做的为什么说女人是水做的
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女人爱哭，易感动
女人心软，看电视剧都会流泪
不是水做的压上去会很硌的
好多地方软软的！还爱感动到、哭、
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