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根据下列句意,用括号内所给英语单词的适当形式填空It's difficult for the kid _____(carry)the heavy box.If you have any _____(difficulty),call me at once.Now there is less _____(live)space for each family than before.One _____(
根据下列句意,用括号内所给英语单词的适当形式填空It's difficult for the kid _____(carry)the heavy box.If you have any _____(difficulty),call me at once.Now there is less _____(live)space for each family than before.One _____(five)of the water is from the river60 percent of the students in our class ______(be) interested in the movie.
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1.to-carry/2.difficult/3.to~live/4.fifth/5.areISSUU - PDNC by Peninsula Daily News & Sequim GazetteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Irish writer.
character, see .
For the vessel of the Irish Naval Service named for Beckett, see .
Samuel Barclay Beckett (; 13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an
novelist, playwright, , and poet, who lived in
for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. His work offers a bleak,
outlook on human nature, often coupled with
Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is considered one of the last . As an inspiration to many later writers, he is also sometimes considered one of the first . He is one of the key writers in what
called the "". His work became increasingly
in his later career.
Beckett was awarded the 1969
"for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation". He was elected
The Becketts were members of the Anglican . The family home, Cooldrinagh in the
suburb of , was a large house and garden complete with tennis court built in 1903 by Samuel's father, William. The house and garden, together with the surrounding countryside where he often went walking with his father, the nearby , the Foxrock railway station and Harcourt Street station at the city terminus of the line, all feature in his prose and plays.
Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday, 13 April 1906 to William Frank Beckett,
and Maria Jones Roe, a nurse, when both were 35. They had married in 1901. Beckett had one older brother, Frank Edward Beckett (born 1902). At the age of five, Beckett attended a local playschool, where he started to learn music, and then moved to Earlsfort House School in the city centre near Harcourt Street. In 1919, Beckett went to
had also attended). A natural athlete, Beckett excelled at cricket as a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-pace bowler. Later, he was to play for
and played two
games against . As a result, he became the only Nobel laureate to have an entry in , the "bible" of cricket.
Beckett studied French, Italian, and English at
from 1923 to 1927 (one of his tutors was the eminent
scholar ). Beckett graduated with a BA and, after teaching briefly at
in Belfast, took up the post of lecteur d'anglais in the
in Paris. While there, he was introduced to renowned Irish author
by , a poet and close confidant of Beckett who also worked there. This meeting had a profound effect on the young man. Beckett assisted Joyce in various ways, one of which was research towards the book that became .
In 1929, Beckett published his first work, a critical essay entitled "Dante... Bruno. Vico.. Joyce". The essay defends Joyce's work and method, chiefly from allegations of wanton obscurity and dimness, and was Beckett's contribution to
(a book of essays on Joyce which also included contributions by , , and ). Beckett's close relationship with Joyce and his family cooled, however, when he rejected the advances of Joyce's daughter
owing to her progressing . Beckett's first short story, "Assumption", was published in Jolas's periodical . The next year he won a small literary prize for his hastily composed poem "Whoroscope", which draws on a biography of
that Beckett happened to be reading when he was encouraged to submit.
In 1930, Beckett returned to Trinity College as a lecturer. In November 1930, he presented a paper in French to the Modern Languages Society of Trinity on the
poet Jean du Chas, founder of a movement called le Concentrisme. It was a literary parody, for Beckett had in fact invented the poet and his movement that claimed to be "at odds with all that is clear and distinct in ." Beckett later insisted that he had not intended to fool his audience. When Beckett resigned from Trinity at the end of 1931, his brief academic career was terminated. He commemorated it with the poem "Gnome", which was inspired by his reading of 's
and eventually published in the Dublin Magazine in 1934:
Spend the years of learning squandering
Courage for the years of wandering
Through a world politely turning
From the loutishness of learning
Beckett travelled in Europe. He spent some time in London, where in 1931 he published , his critical study of French author . Two years later, following his father's death, he began two years' treatment with
psychoanalyst . Aspects of it became evident in Beckett's later works, such as Watt and . In 1932, he wrote his first novel, , but after many rejections from publishers decided to abandon it (it was eventually published in 1992). Despite his inability to get it published, however, the novel served as a source for many of Beckett's early poems, as well as for his first full-length book, the 1933
collection .
Beckett published essays and reviews, including "Recent Irish Poetry" (in , August 1934) and "Humanistic Quietism", a review of his friend Thomas MacGreevy's Poems (in , July–September 1934). They focused on the work of MacGreevy, ,
and , despite their slender achievements at the time, comparing them favourably with their
contemporaries and invoking , , and the
as their precursors. In describing these poets as forming "the nucleus of a living poetic in Ireland", Beckett was tracing the outlines of an Irish poetic
In 1935—the year that Beckett successfully published a book of his poetry, Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates—Beckett worked on his novel . In May, he wrote to MacGreevy that he had been reading about film and wished to go to Moscow to study with
in Moscow. In mid-1936 he wrote to
to offer himself as their apprentices. Nothing came of this, however, as Beckett's letter was lost owing to Eisenstein's quarantine during the smallpox outbreak, as well as his focus on a script re-write of his postponed film production. In 1936, a friend had suggested him to look up the works of , which Beckett did and he took many notes. The philosopher's name is mentioned in Murphy and the reading apparently left a strong impression. Murphy was finished in 1936 and Beckett departed for extensive travel around Germany, during which time he filled several notebooks with lists of noteworthy artwork that he had seen and noted his distaste for the
savagery that was overtaking the country. Returning to Ireland briefly in 1937, he oversaw the publication of Murphy (1938), which he translated into French the following year. He fell out with his mother, which contributed to his decision to settle permanently in Paris. Beckett remained in Paris following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, preferring, in his own words, "France at war to Ireland at peace". His was soon a known face in and around
cafés, where he strengthened his allegiance with Joyce and forged new ones with artists
and , with whom he regularly played . Sometime around December 1937, Beckett had a brief affair with , who nicknamed him "Oblomov" (after the character in 's ).
In January 1938 in Paris, Beckett was stabbed in the chest and nearly killed when he refused the solicitations of a notorious
(who went by the name of Prudent). Joyce arranged a private room for Beckett at the hospital. The publicity surrounding the stabbing attracted the attention of , who previously knew Beckett slightly from his first stay in Paris. This time, however, the two would begin a lifelong companionship. At a preliminary hearing, Beckett asked his attacker for the motive behind the stabbing. Prudent replied: "Je ne sais pas, Monsieur. Je m'excuse" ["I do not know, sir. I'm sorry"]. Beckett eventually dropped the charges against his attacker—partially to avoid further formalities, partly because he found Prudent likeable and well-mannered.
Beckett joined the
after the 1940 occupation by Germany, in which he worked as a courier. On several occasions over the next two years he was nearly caught by the . In August 1942, his unit was betrayed and he and Suzanne fled south on foot to the safety of the small village of , in the
département in . There he continued to assist the Resistance by storing armaments in the back yard of his home. During the two years that Beckett stayed in Roussillon he indirectly helped the
sabotage the German army in the Vaucluse mountains, though he rarely spoke about his wartime work in later life.
Beckett was awarded the
by the French government for his efforts in fighting the G to the end of his life, however, Beckett would refer to his work with the French Resistance as "boy scout stuff". While in hiding in Roussillon, he continued work on the novel
(begun in 1941 and completed in 1945, but not published until 1953, though an extract had appeared in the Dublin literary periodical ).
Portrait of Samuel Beckett by , painted in Paris, 1961 (from the collection of Ken White, Dublin).
In 1945, Beckett returned to Dublin for a brief visit. During his stay, he had a revelation in his mother’s room: his entire future direction in literature appeared to him. Beckett had felt that he would remain forever in the shadow of Joyce, certain to never best him at his own game. His revelation prompted him to change direction and to acknowledge both his own stupidity and his interest in ignorance and impotence:
"I realized that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more, [being] in control of one’s material. He was you only have to look at his proofs to see that. I realized that my own way was in impoverishment, in lack of knowledge and in taking away, in subtracting rather than in adding."
Knowlson argues that "Beckett was rejecting the Joycean principle that knowing more was a way of creatively understanding the world and controlling it ... In future, his work would focus on poverty, failure, exile and loss – as he put it, on man as a 'non-knower' and as a 'non-can-er.'" The revelation "has rightly been regarded as a pivotal moment in his entire career." Beckett fictionalised the experience in his play
(1958). While listening to a tape he made earlier in his life, Krapp hears his younger self say "clear to me at last that the dark I have always struggled to keep under is in reality my most...", at which point Krapp fast-forwards the tape (before the audience can hear the complete revelation). Beckett later explained to Knowlson that the missing words on the tape are "precious ally".
In 1946, ’s magazine Les Temps Modernes published the first part of Beckett’s short story "Suite" (later to be called "La Fin", or "The End"), not realizing that Beckett had only submitted the fir
refused to publish the second part. Beckett also began to write his fourth novel, , which was not published until 1970. The novel presaged his most famous work, the play , which was written not long afterwards. More importantly, the novel was Beckett’s first long work that he wrote in French, the language of most of his subsequent works which were strongly supported by
director of his parisian publishing house , including the
"trilogy" of novels:
(1951); Malone meurt (1951),
(1958); L'innommable (1953), , (1960). Despite being a native English speaker, Beckett wrote in French because—as he himself claimed—it was easier for him thus to write "without style".
Portrait, circa 1970
Beckett is most famous for his play
(1953) (). In a much-quoted article, the critic
wrote that Beckett "has achieved a theoretical impossibility—a play in which nothing happens, that yet keeps audiences glued to their seats. What's more, since the second act is a subtly different reprise of the first, he has written a play in which nothing happens, twice." Like most of his works after 1947, the play was first written in French with the title En attendant Godot. Beckett worked on the play between October 1948 and January 1949. He published it in 1952 and it premièred in 1953; an English translation appeared two years later. Directed by , the play was a critical, popular, and controversial success in Paris. It opened in London in 1955 to mainly negative reviews, but the tide turned with positive reactions from Harold Hobson in
and, later, . In the United States, it flopped in
and had a qualified success in New York City. After this, the play became extremely popular, with highly successful performances in the US and Germany. It is frequently performed today.
Beckett translated all of his works into English himself, with the exception of Molloy, for which he collaborated with Patrick Bowles. The success of Waiting for Godot opened up a career in theatre for its author. Beckett went on to write successful full-length plays, including Fin de partie () (1957), Krapp's Last Tape (1958, written in English),
(1961, also written in English), and
(1963). In 1961, Beckett received the International Publishers' Formentor Prize in recognition of his work, which he shared that year with .
Tomb of Samuel Beckett at the Cimetière de
The 1960s was a period of change for Beckett, both on a personal level and as a writer. In 1961, he married Suzanne in a secret civil ceremony in England (its secrecy due to reasons relating to French inheritance law).[] The success of his plays led to invitations to attend rehearsals and productions around the world, leading eventually to a new career as a theatre director. In 1956, he had his first commission from the
for a radio play, . He continued writing sporadically for radio and extended his scope to include cinema and television. He began to write in English again, although he also wrote in French until the end of his life.
Beckett bought some land in 1953 near a hamlet around forty miles northeast of Paris and built a cottage for himself with the help of some locals. One of the locals that helped him build the cottage was a Bulgarian-born farmer named Boris Rousimoff, who Beckett befriended. Rousimoff’s son was
and when Beckett found out that Rousimoff was having trouble getting his son to school due to his size, Beckett offered to drive André to school in his truck — a vehicle that could fit André. When André recounted the drives with Beckett, he revealed they rarely talked about anything other than cricket.
From the late 1950s until his death, Beckett had a relationship with , a widow who worked as a script editor for the . Knowlson wrote of them: "She was small and attractive, but, above all, keenly intelligent and well-read. Beckett seems to have been immediately attracted by her and she to him. Their encounter was highly significant for them both, for it represented the beginning of a relationship that was to last, in parallel with that with Suzanne, for the rest of his life".
Caricature of Samuel Beckett by
In October 1969 while on holiday in
with Suzanne, Beckett heard that he had won the . Anticipating that her intensely private husband would be saddled with fame from that moment on, Suzanne called the award a "catastrophe". In true ascetic fashion, he gave away all of the prize money. While Beckett did not devote much time to interviews, he sometimes met the artists, scholars, and admirers who sought him out in the anonymous lobby of the Hotel PLM St. Jacques in Paris near his Montparnasse home. Although Beckett was an intensely private man, a review of the second volume of his letters by Roy Foster in the 15 December 2011 issue of The New Republic, reveals Beckett to be not only unexpectedly amiable but frequently prepared to talk about his work and the process behind it.
Suzanne died on 17 July 1989. Confined to a nursing home and suffering from
and possibly , Beckett died on 22 December. The two were interred together in the
in Paris and share a simple granite gravestone that follows Beckett's directive that it should be "any colour, so long as it's grey."
Barbara Bray died in
on 25 February 2010.
Caricature of Beckett by
Beckett's career as a writer can be roughly divided into three periods: his early works, up until the end of World War II in 1945; his middle period, stretching from 1945 until the early 1960s, during which period he wrote what are probably his best- and his late period, from the early 1960s until Beckett's death in 1989, during which his works tended to become shorter and his style more .
Beckett's earliest works are generally considered to have been strongly influenced by the work of his friend James Joyce. They are erudite and seem to display the author's learning merely for its own sake, resulting in several obscure passages. The opening phrases of the short-story collection
(1934) affords a representative sample of this style:
It was morning and Belacqua was stuck in the first of the canti in the moon. He was so bogged that he could move neither backward nor forward. Blissful Beatrice was there, Dante also, and she explained the spots on the moon to him. She shewed him in the first place where he was at fault, then she put up her own explanation. She had it from God, therefore he could rely on its being accurate in every particular.
The passage makes reference to 's , which can serve to confuse readers not familiar with that work. It also anticipates aspects of Beckett's later work: the physical inactivity of the character B the character's immersion in his o the somewhat irreverent comedy of the final sentence.
Similar elements are present in Beckett's first published novel, Murphy (1938), which also explores the themes of insanity and chess (both of which would be recurrent elements in Beckett's later works). The novel's opening sentence hints at the somewhat pessimistic undertones and
that animate many of Beckett's works: "The sun shone, having no alternative, on the nothing new". Watt, written while Beckett was in hiding in Roussillon during World War II, is similar in terms of themes but less exuberant in its style. It explores human movement as if it were a , presaging Beckett's later preoccupation—in both his novels and dramatic works—with precise movement.
Beckett's 1930 essay
was strongly influenced by 's pessimism and laudatory descriptions of saintly asceticism.[] At this time Beckett began to write creatively in the French language. In the late 1930s, he wrote a number of short poems in that language and their sparseness—in contrast to the density of his English poems of roughly the same period, collected in Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates (1935)—seems to show that Beckett, albeit through the medium of another language, was in process of simplifying his style, a change also evidenced in Watt.
who may tell the tale
of the old man?
weigh absence in a scale?
mete want with a span?
the sum assess
of the world's woes?
nothingness
in words enclose?
After World War II, Beckett turned definitively to the French language as a vehicle. It was this, together with the "revelation" experienced in his mother's room in Dublin—in which he realized that his art must be subjective and drawn wholly from his own inner world—that would result in the works for which Beckett is best remembered today.
During the 15 years following the war, Beckett produced four major full-length stage plays: En attendant Godot (written ; ), Fin de partie (; ),
(1958), and
(1961). These plays—which are often considered, rightly or wrongly, to have been instrumental in the so-called ""—deal in a very
way with themes similar to those of the roughly contemporary . The term "Theatre of the Absurd" was coined by Martin Esslin in a b Beckett and Godot were centerpieces of the book. Esslin claimed these plays were the fulfilment of 's concept of "the absurd"; this is one reason Beckett is often falsely labeled as an existentialist (this is based on the assumption that Camus was an existentialist, though he in fact broke off from the existentialist movement and founded ). Though many of the themes are similar, Beckett had little affinity for existentialism as a whole.
Broadly speaking, the plays deal with the subject of despair and the will to survive in spite of that despair, in the face of an uncomprehending and incomprehensible world. The words of Nell—one of the two characters in Endgame who are trapped in ashbins, from which they occasionally peek their heads to speak—can best summarize the themes of the plays of Beckett's middle period: "Nothing is funnier than unhappiness, I grant you that. ... Yes, yes, it's the most comical thing in the world. And we laugh, we laugh, with a will, in the beginning. But it's always the same thing. Yes, it's like the funny story we have heard too often, we still find it funny, but we don't laugh any more."
Beckett's outstanding achievements in prose during the period were the three novels
(1951), Malone meurt (1951; ) and L'innommable (1953: ). In these novels—sometimes referred to as a "trilogy", though this is against the author's own explicit wishes—the prose becomes increasingly bare and stripped down. Molloy, for instance, still retains many of the characteristics of a conventional novel (time, place, movement, and plot) and it makes use of the structure of a . In Malone Dies, movement and plot are largely dispensed with, though there is still some indication of place and the "action" of the book takes the form of an . Finally, in The Unnamable, almost all sense of place and time are abolished, and the essential theme seems to be the conflict between the voice's drive to continue speaking so as to continue existing, and its almost equally strong urge towards silence and oblivion. Despite the widely held view that Beckett's work, as exemplified by the novels of this period, is essentially pessimistic, the will to live seems t witness, for instance, the famous final phrase of The Unnamable: 'I can't go on, I'll go on'.
After these three novels, Beckett struggled for many years to produce a sustained work of prose, a struggle evidenced by the brief "stories" later collected as Texts for Nothing. In the late 1950s, however, he created one of his most radical prose works, Comment c'est (1961; How It Is. An early variant version of Comment c'est, L'Image, was published in the British arts review,
(1959), and is the first appearance of the novel in any form.). This work relates the adventures of an unnamed narrator crawling through the mud while dragging a sack of canned food. It was written as a sequence of unpunctuated paragraphs in a style approaching : "You are there somewhere alive somewhere vast stretch of time then it's over you are there no more alive no more than again you are there again alive again it wasn't over an error you begin again all over more or less in the same place or in another as when another image above in the light you come to in hospital in the dark" Following this work, it was almost another decade before Beckett produced a work of non-dramatic prose. How It Is is generally considered to mark the end of his middle period as a writer.[]
time she stopped
sitting at her window
quiet at her window
only window
facing other windows
other only windows
high and low
time she stopped
From Rockaby (1980)
Throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s, Beckett's works exhibited an increasing tendency—already evident in much of his work of the 1950s—towards compactness. This has led to his work sometimes being described as . The extreme example of this, among his dramatic works, is the 1969 piece , which lasts for only 35 seconds and has no characters (though it was likely intended to offer ironic comment on , the theatrical
for which it served as an introductory piece).
Portrait by
In his theatre of the late period, Beckett's characters—already few in number in the earlier plays—are whittled down to essential elements. The ironically titled Play (1962), for instance, consists of three characters immersed up to their necks in large funeral urns. The television drama
(1963), which was written for the actor , is animated by a camera that steadily closes in to a tight focus upon the face of the title character. The play
(1972) consists almost solely of, in Beckett's words, "a moving mouth with the rest of the stage in darkness". Following from Krapp's Last Tape, many of these later plays explore memory, often in the form of a forced recollection of haunting past events in a moment of stillness in the present. They also deal with the theme of the self confined and observed, with a voice that either comes from outside into the protagonist's head (as in Eh Joe) or else another character comments on the protagonist silently, by means of gesture (as in Not I). Beckett's most politically charged play,
(1982), which was dedicated to , deals relatively explicitly with the idea of . After a long period of inactivity, Beckett's poetry experienced a revival during this period in the ultra-terse French poems of mirlitonnades, with some as short as six words long. These defied Beckett's usual scrupulous concern to translate his work from its original into the other
several writers, including , have attempted translations, but no complete version of the sequence has been published in English.
Beckett's prose pieces during the late period were not so prolific as his theatre, as suggested by the title of the 1976 collection of short prose texts Fizzles (which the American artist
illustrated). Beckett experienced something of a renaissance with the novella
(1980), which continued with
(1982) and
(1984), later collected in . In these three "'closed space' stories", Beckett continued his preoccupation with memory and its effect on the confined and observed self, as well as with the positioning of bodies in space, as the opening phrases of Company make clear: "A voice comes to one in the dark. Imagine." "To one on his back in the dark. This he can tell by the pressure on his hind parts and by how the dark changes when he shuts his eyes and again when he opens them again. Only a small part of what is said can be verified. As for example when he hears, You are on your back in the dark. Then he must acknowledge the truth of what is said."
In the hospital and nursing home where he spent his final days, Beckett wrote his last work, the 1988 poem "What is the Word" ("Comment dire"). The poem grapples with an inability to find words to express oneself, a theme echoing Beckett's earlier work, though possibly amplified by the sickness he experienced late in life.
was the first actor to do a one-man show based on the works of Beckett. He debuted End of Day in Dublin in 1962, revising it as Beginning To End (1965). The show went through further revisions before Beckett directed it in Paris in 1970; MacGowran won the 1970-71 Obie for Best Performance By an Actor when he performed the show off-Broadway as Jack MacGowran in the Works of Samuel Beckett. Beckett wrote the radio play
and the teleplay
specifically for MacGowran. The actor also appeared in various productions of
and , and did several readings of Beckett's plays and poems on BBC R he also recorded the LP, MacGowran Speaking Beckett.
worked with Beckett for 25 years on such plays as , , , and
and "Rockaby.". She first met Beckett in 1963. In her autobiography she describes their first meeting in 1963 was "trust at first sight". Beckett went on to write many of his experimental theatre works for her. She came to be regarded as his muse, the "supreme interpreter of his work", perhaps most famous for her role as the mouth in . She said of the play Rockabye: "I put the tape in my head. And I sort of look in a particular way, but not at the audience. Sometimes as a director Beckett comes out with absolute gems and I use them a lot in other areas. We were doing Happy Days and I just did not know where in the theatre to look during this particular section. And I asked, and he thought for a bit and then said, 'Inward' ". She said of her role in Footfalls: "I felt like a moving, musical
painting and, in fact, when Beckett was directing Footfalls he was not only using me to play the notes but I almost felt that he did have the paintbrush out and was painting." "Sam knew that I would turn myself inside out to give him what he wanted", she explained. "With all of Sam's work, the scream was there, my task was to try to get it out." She stopped performing his plays in 1989 when he died.
The English stage designer
was a close friend and influence on Beckett until his death. She worked with him on such plays as
(their third project) and
at the . Beckett said that Herbert became his closest friend in England: "She has a great feeling for the work and is very sensitive and doesn't want to bang the nail on the head. Generally speaking, there is a tendency on the part of designers to overstate, and this has never been the case with Jocelyn."
Samuel Beckett depicted on an
celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth
Of all the English-language , Beckett's work represents the most sustained attack on the . He opened up the possibility of theatre and fiction that dispense with conventional plot and the unities of time and place in order to focus on essential components of the human condition. , , , ,
have publicly stated their indebtedness to Beckett's example. He has had a wider influence on
since the 1950s, from the
to the happenings of the 1960s and after. In an Irish context, he has exerted great influence on poets such as
and , as well as writers like
who proclaim their adherence to the modernist tradition as an alternative to the dominant realist mainstream.
The Samuel Beckett Bridge, Dublin
Many major 20th-century composers including , , , , , ,
have created musical works based on Beckett's texts. His work has also influenced numerous international writers, artists and filmmakers including , , , , , , , , and .
Beckett is one of the most widely discussed and highly prized of 20th-century authors, inspiring a critical industry to rival that which has sprung up around James Joyce. He has divided critical opinion. Some early philosophical critics, such as
and , praised him, one for his revelation of absurdity, the other for his works' critical ref others such as
condemn for 'decadent' lack of .
Since Beckett's death, all rights for performance of his plays are handled by the Beckett estate, currently managed by Edward Beckett (the author's nephew). The estate has a controversial reputation for maintaining firm control over how Beckett's plays are performed and does not grant licenses to productions that do not adhere to the writer's stage directions.
Historians interested in tracing Beckett's blood line were, in 2004, granted access to confirmed trace samples of his
to conduct molecular genealogical studies to facilitate precise lineage determination.
Some of the best-known pictures of Beckett were taken by photographer , who photographed him between 1980 and 1985 and developed such a good relationship with the writer that he became, in effect, his official photographer. Some consider one of these to be among the top three photographs of the 20th century. It was the theater photographer John Haynes, however, who took possibly the most widely reproduced image of Beckett: it is used on the cover of the Knowlson biography, for instance. This portrait was taken during rehearsals of the San Quentin Drama Workshop at the Royal Court Theatre in London, where Haynes photographed many productions of Beckett's work.
The annual
was founded in 2011 to commemorate Beckett and his work and influence
, the Irish postal service, issued a
of Beckett in 1994. The
launched two Samuel Beckett Centenary
on 26 April 2006: EUR10 Silver Coin and EUR20 Gold Coin.
On 10 December 2009, the new bridge across the
in Dublin was opened and named the
in his honour. Reminiscent of a harp on its side, it was designed by the celebrated Spanish architect , who had also designed the
further upstream opened on
(16 June) 2003. Attendees at the official opening ceremony included Beckett’s niece Caroline Murphy, his nephew Edward Beckett, poet
and . The newest ship of the , the , is named for Beckett. An Ulster History Circle blue plaque in his memory is located at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh.
(also known as Happy Days) is an annual multi-arts festival celebrating the work and influence of Beckett. The festival, founded in 2011, is held at ,
where Beckett spent his formative years studying at .
1959 honorary doctorate from
1961 International Publishers' Formentor Prize (shared with ).
1968 Foreign Honorary Member of the
(c. 1936; published 1984)
(written 1947 in F published in French 1995, and English 1996)
En attendant Godot (published 1952, performed,1953) (, pub.1954, perf. 1955)
Acte sans Paroles I (1956);
Acte sans Paroles II (1956);
Fin de partie (published 1957);
(published 1957)
(first performed 1958)
Fragment de thé?tre I (late 1950s);
Fragment de thé?tre II (late 1950s);
(first performed 1961); Oh les beaux jours (published 1963)
(performed in German, as Spiel, 1963; English version 1964)
(first performed in German, then English, 1966)
(first performed 1969)
(first performed 1972)
(first performed 1976)
(first performed 1976)
(1977) (An "opera", music by )
(first performed 1979)
(first performed 1981)
(first performed 1981)
(Catastrophe et autres dramatiques, first performed 1982)
(first performed 1983)
(broadcast 1957)
(broadcast 1957)
(broadcast 1959)
(published 1976) (written in French in 1961 as Esquisse radiophonique)
(published 1976) (written in French in 1961 as Pochade radiophonique)
(broadcast 1962)
(broadcast:1963 F 1964 English translation)
Television
(broadcast 1966)
(broadcast 1977)
(broadcast 1977)
(broadcast 1981)
(broadcast 1983); Night and Dreams, published 1984
Beckett Directs Beckett (1988/92)
(written 1932; published 1992)
(1938); 1947 Beckett's French version
(1953); 1968, Beckett's French version
(1951); English version (1955)
Malone meurt (1951);
L'innommable (1953);
Comment c'est (1961);
(written 1946, published 1970); English translation (1974)
Short prose
"" (written 1933, published 2014)
"L'Expulsé", written 1946, in Nouvelles et Textes pour rien (1955); "The Expelled"
"Le Calmant", written 1946, in Nouvelles et Textes pour rien (1955); "The Calmative",
"La Fin", written 1946, partially published in Les Temps Modernes in 1946 as "Suite"; in Nouvelles et Textes pour rien (1955); "The End",
"Texts for Nothing", translated into French for Nouvelles et Textes pour rien (1955);
"L'Image" (1959) a fragment from Comment c'est
'"Premier Amour" (1970, written 1946); translated by Beckett as "", 1973
Le Dépeupleur (1970);
Pour finir encore et autres foirades (1976); For to End Yet Again and Other Fizzles (1976)
Mal vu mal dit (1981);
"As the Story was Told" (1990)
The Complete Short Prose: , ed S. E. Gontarski. New York: Grove Press, 1995
Non-fiction
"Dante...Bruno. Vico..Joyce" (1929; Beckett's contribution to the collection )
(with Georges Duthuit and Jacques Putnam) (1949)
Whoroscope (1930)
Echo's Bones and other Precipitates (1935)
Poèmes (1968, expanded , 1992)
Poems in English (1961)
Collected Poems in English and French (1977)
What is the Word (1989)
Selected Poems
The Collected Poems of Samuel Beckett, edited, annotated by Seán Lawlor, John Pilling (2012, Faber and Faber, 2014, Grove Press)
Anna Livia Plurabelle (James Joyce, French translation by Beckett and others) (1931)
Negro: an Anthology (Nancy Cunard, editor) (1934)
Anthology of Mexican Poems (, editor) (1958)
The Old Tune () (1963)
What Is Surrealism?: Selected Essays () (various short pieces in the collection)
Muldoon, Paul (12 December 2014). .
McDonald, Rónán (ed). (2007), The Cambridge Introduction to Samuel Beckett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge p17
. Nobelprize. 7 October .
. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.
Rice, Jonathan (2001). . Wisden. Cricinfo 2011.
Knowlson (1997) p106.
C. J. Ackerley and S. E. Gontarski, The Grove Companion to Samuel Beckett (New York: Grove Press, 2004), 108.
"Gnome" from Collected Poems
– Literary Encyclopedia
Disjecta, 76
The notes that Beckett took have been published and commented in Notes de Beckett sur Geulincx (2012) ed. N. Doutey,Paris: Les Solitaires Intempestifs,
and Arnold Geulincx Ethics With Samuel Beckett's Notes, ed. H. Van Ruler, Brill Academic Publishers .
Israel Shenker, "Moody Man of Letters", , 5 May 1956; quoted in Cronin, 310
This character, she said, was so looed by apathia that he "finally did not even have the willpower to get out of bed"; quoted in Gussow (1989).
Knowlson (1997) p261
Knowlson (1997) p304–305
. The Modern Word.
Knowlson (1997) p303
Samuel Beckett, as related by James Knowlson in his biography.
Knowlson (1997) p352–353.
Knowlson (1997) p324
, 18 February 1956, p. 6.
Knowlson (1997) p342
. The Mary Sue. . July 11, .
Knowlson (1997) p458-9.
Knowlson (1997) p505.
Foster, Roy (15 December 2011). . The New Republic 2011.
More Pricks than Kicks, 9
Watt by Beckett quoted in: Booth, Wayne C. (1975) A rhetoric of irony By Wayne C. Booth Chicago University Press p258
Esslin (1969).
Ackerley and Gontarski (2004)
Endgame, 18–19
Ackerley and Gontarski (2004) p586
Three Novels, 414
"L’Image", X: A Quarterly Review, ed.
& , Vol. I, No. 1, November 1959
How It Is, 22
Knowlson (1997) p501
Quoted in Knowlson (1997) p522
Nohow On, vii
Nohow On, 3
Retrieved 31 March 2010
Retrieved 31 March 2010
Retrieved 31 March 2010
Retrieved 31 March 2010
Retrieved 31 March 2010
Retrieved 31 March 2010
(archived 8 July 2011)[]
These writers and the artist Arikha cited in Beckett Remembering, Remembering Beckett (ed. James and Elizabeth Knowlson, New York: Arcade, 2006)
Cited in Knowlson (ed.), Beckett Remembering, Remembering Beckett, 280
Cited in No Author Better Served: The Correspondence of Samuel Beckett and Alan Schneider (ed. Maurice Harmon, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 442-443.
Adorno, Theodor W. (1961) "Trying to Understand Endgame". , no. 26, (Spring-Summer 1982) p119–150. In The Adorno Reader ed. Brian O'Connor. . 2000
1998 The Royal Academy Magazine, the "Image of the century"
. The Irish Times.
. Belfast Telegraph.
(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2011.
A German version He Joe was broadcast first in 1966. Knowlson, J., Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett (London: Bloomsbury, 1996), p 535
"Introduction" to The Complete Short Prose: , ed S. E. Gontarski. New York: Grove Press, 1995, p. xiii.
"Introduction" to The Complete Short Prose: , p.xiii-xiv.
"Introduction" to The Complete Short Prose: , p. xiv.
Ackerley, C. J. and S. E. Gontarski, ed. (2004). The Grove Companion to Samuel Beckett. New York: Grove Press
(2003). On Beckett, transl. and ed. by
and Nina Power. London: Clinamen Press.
(1978). Samuel Beckett: A Biography. Vintage/ .
Casanova, Pascale (2007). Beckett. Anatomy of a Literary Revolution. Introduction by . Londres / New York :
Caselli, Daniela. Beckett's Dantes: Intertextuality in the Fiction and Criticism. .
(1997). Samuel Beckett: The Last Modernist. New York:
(1969). The Theatre of the Absurd. Garden City, NY:
(2007). Coup d'?tat & Other Plays Burnt Piano.
Fletcher, John (2006). About Beckett. , London .
. "Samuel Beckett Is Dead at 83; His 'Godot' Changed Theater." , 27 December 1989.
(2010), "Witnessness: Beckett, Levi, Dante and the Foundations of Ethics". .
Igoe, Vivien (2000). A Literary Guide to Dublin.
(1999). Les temps de l'attente. Paris: A. Kamyabi Mask.
Kelleter, Frank (1998). Die Moderne und der Tod: Edgar Allan Poe–T. S. Eliot–Samuel Beckett. Frankfurt/Main:
Knowlson, James (1996). . .  .
Mercier, Vivian (1977). Beckett/Beckett.
Murray, Christopher, ed. (2009). Samuel Beckett: Playwright & Poet. New York:
O'Brien, Eoin. The Beckett Country. .
Ricks, Christopher (1995). Beckett's Dying Words. Oxford University Press .
, ed. (1970). A Bash in the Tunnel. Brighton: Clifton Books, 1970. Essays on James Joyce by Beckett,
Simpson, Alan (1962). Beckett and Behan and a Theatre in Dublin.
Turiel, Max: " Samuel Beckett by the way. Obra en un Acto ". Text and playwriting on Beckett. Ed.Liber Factory 2014. .
Young, Jordan R. (1987). The Beckett Actor: Jack MacGowran, Beginning to End. Beverly Hills: Moonstone Press
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30 April 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
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(archived 6 June 2011). . 7 August 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
. . The Guardian 19 July 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
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